Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
How did the federal government facilitate Americans’ westward migration in the mid-nineteenth century?
A
2
Q
How did the Reconstruction period impact the United States socially, politically and economically?
A
2
Q
What were some of the key challenges that Americans faced due to urbanization and what were some of the possible solutions to those challenges?
A
2
Q
How did the process of “Americanization” apply to American Indians in the nineteenth century?
A
3
Q
What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson and its long term impact?
A
3
Q
How did the election of 1876 impact the social and political future of the United States?
A
3
Q
How did the rise of big business influence the United States socially and economically?
A
4
Q
How did the inventions of the late nineteenth century change everyday American life?
A
5
Q
What types of discrimination and anti-immigration legislation did immigrants face in the late nineteenth century?
A
6
Q
Homestead Act
A
Free land up to 160 acres. Applicant must improve the land
7
Q
Bonanza Farms
A
Huge one crop farms, usually located close to the railroad.
7
Q
Transcontinental Railroad
A
completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California’s railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west
8
Q
Manifest Destiny
A
the belief that it was the right of the US to occupy all of America from sea to shining sea
9
Q
Americanization
A
10
Q
Assimilation
A
blending other cultures into American society.
11
Q
Reservations
A
12
Q
Dawes Act
A
passed in 1887, intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual ownership and encourage farming.
13
Q
Carlisle Indian School
A
14
Q
Exodusters
A
freed slaves moving west – post reconstruction for an economic opportunity.
14
Q
Radical Republicans
A
15
Q
Buffalo Soldiers
A
15
Q
Reconstruction
A
16
Q
13th Amendment
A
Abolished involuntary servitude (slavery) - December 6, 1865
17
Q
14th Amendment
A
The amendment requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons – July 9, 1868
18
15th Amendment
prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude – February 3, 1870
19
Ku Klux Klan
-Keep African-Americans from voting
-Torture “carpetbaggers” (Northerners) to leave the south
-Used violence to scare victims (Lynching)
19
impeachment
20
Compromise of 1877 (Corrupt Bargain)
-The Republican Hayes was named President
-Hayes agreed to end the Military Occupation of the South
-Officially ended the Reconstruction Era
21
“Separate but Equal”
22
Black Codes
- efforts to restrict AA lives
- could not carry weapons, testify against white people, serve on juries, Marry whites, travel without permits
- couldn't own land (some states)
-Johnson vetoed Freedman's Bureau Act, and the Civil Rights Act
-This infuriated many Republicans, and former slaves
22
Jim Crow Laws
23
Disenfranchisement
24
Talented 10th
25
NAACP
25
Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC) monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states, created to regulate railroad prices
26
Robber Barons
-negative nickname given to millionaires
-Stole from Public
-Drained Natural resources
-Drove out competition
-Poor working conditions
27
Captains of Industry
-positive nickname given to millionaires
-Increased supply of goods
-Provided jobs
-Built factories
-Expanded markets
28
Monopoly
complete control of a product or business by one person or group
29
Vertical integration
purchase of companies at all levels of production
29
Horizontal integration
purchase of competing companies in the same industry
30
Trust
- super corporation
-companies exchange stock for trust certificates
-combination of companies or industries established to reduce competition and increase profit
31
Cartel
31
Labor union
An organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
32
Strike
Refusing to work
33
Lockout
Lock workers out of work so they can’t be paid
34
Haymarket Riot
-Ended in a bomb blast
-Knights of Labor blamed even though they had no direct connection
-8 police officers and a number of civilians perished
35
Homestead Strike
-Steel workers Locked out at Carnegie's plant in Homestead, PA.
-Pinkerton Detectives and “scab” workers brought in
-16 people killed
-National Guard ended the strike
-Fewer than 25% of striking workers would get their jobs back
36
Pullman Strike
-Railway manufacturing strike due to wage cuts
-Eugene Debs & ARU called a boycott on Pullman railway cars
-Shut-down railroads all over the nation
-President Cleveland sent in Federal troops
-Government favored interests of business over labor
37
Coal Creek Saga
-anderson county tennessee
-coal mine owners replaced miners with convicts from the goverment
-miners went on a rampage killing the convicts
-turned into war
38
Rural
39
Urbanization
movement of people from rural areas to cities (urban settlements)
40
Settlement house
-Operated by women.
-Jane Addams “mother” of settlement house movement – built Hull House in Chicago.
-Neighborhood-based community centers built in middle of slums. Offered schooling, daycare, medical services to poor, job placement, English-as-a-Second-Language, especially for immigrants.
41
Old immigration
-Western and Northern Europe
Africa (England, Scotland, Ireland, Sweden, Germany, and Netherlands)
-1620-1850
- Potato Famine drove the Irish to seek opportunities in the U.S.
Political Freedom - Revolution caused German’s to seek peace and stability
Others sought better economic opportunities
Religious Freedom
- European culture
Forms of government and religion
Economic patterns and beliefs
42
Ellis Island
-Immigrants had to pass inspection at immigration stations:
1.Physical Examinations
2.Met with a government Inspector
-Approx. 20% were detained for a day at Ellis Island before being inspected; only 2% of them were denied entry.
-From 1892-1924, 17 million people passed through
43
Angel Island
-Located in San Francisco Bay
Main Immigration station for Asian immigrants
-Faced harsh questioning and long detention
-Consisted of filthy, ramshackle buildings
43
Chinese Exclusion Act
-1882
-banning entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, and government officials for 10 years.
-Congress extended the law in 1892 for another 10 years.
-(1902) Chinese immigration restricted indefinitely, until it was repealed in 1943
44
Ethnic enclave
Built ethnic communities (enclaves) based on culture and religion, forming social clubs and societies
45
Migration
a movement from one country or region to another
46
Push factor
a factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region. war, poverty, famine, natural disasters.
47
Pull factor
a factor that draws or attracts people to another location.jobs, freedom, safety, family, opportunity
48
Nativism
-favoritism towards native-born Americans
-Led to anti-immigrant groups and the Know-Nothing Political Party that demanded restrictions on immigration.
49
Abraham Lincoln
50
Andrew Johnson
50
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
-“Father of the Exodus”
- born as a slave in TN in 1809.
-He originally encouraged followers to acquire land in TN, he found whites would not
sell fruitful land to them.
- 20,000 African American migrants headed to Kansas between 1877-1879.
51
Homer Plessy
52
Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone
53
Rutherford B. Hayes
54
J.P. Morgan
banker who buys out Carnegie steel and renames it to US steel. was a philanthropist. he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. was one of the "robber barons"
- Morgan Library, Metropolitan Museum of Art,Yale University, Columbia University
54
Henry Bessemer
Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel
55
Thomas Edison
the lightbulb is his most famous invention, he also invented the phonograph, and the first motion pictures
55
Andrew Carnegie
built a steel empire, used the new Bessemer process to mass produce steel cheaply. founded the Carnegie steel company in 1892
-Carnegie Hall, Public Libraries, Carnegie-Mellon Univ
56
John D. Rockefeller
was an American industrialist and philanthropist. revolutionized the petroleum oil industry and became the richest man in US history
-Rockefeller Foundation, Chicago University
56
NIkola Tesla
-worked with thomas edison
-wanted better solution that DC
-alternating current (AC)
-founded Tesla Electric and Manufacturing and the Tesla Electric Company.
57
Madam C.J. Walker
- America's first female self made millionaire
-first of member of the family to be born free after the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment.
-made her own line of hair care products
-used her husbands name
-hired black women
57
Cornelius Vanderbilt
US entrepreneur who accumulated great wealth from buying up and owning the majority of the railroad industry. railroad connecting Chicago and new york
-Ford Hospital, Grand Central Station, Vanderbilt University
58
George Washington Carver
-agricultural scientist
-had enslaved parents
-went to black school
-crop rotation
-peanuts and sweet potatoes
59
Samuel Gompers
60
Eugene V. Debs
60
Jane Addams
1860-1835. founder of settlement house movement. first American women to warn a Nobel peace prize in 1931 as president of women's international league for peace and freedom
61
Jacob Riis
62
Thomas Nast
a famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of american political cartooning. his artwork was primarily based on political corruption. he helped people realize the corruption of some politicians
63
new immigration
-Southern and Eastern Europe
Asia (Italy, Poland, Russia, China, and Japan)
-1850 - 1924
- Greater economic freedom, Greater political freedom, Greater religious freedom
- The cultural contributions of the new immigrants can be seen in the art, food, music and culture of modern America.
