Unit 1

Question 1

physiology definition

Answer 1

study of the function of the body’s cells, tissues, organs, and systems

Question 2

exercise physiology definition

Answer 2

study of how acute and chronic exercise impacts the function of the body’s cells, tissues, organs, and systems

Question 3

components of a research article

Answer 3

abstract, intro, research methods, results, discussion, references

Question 4

best places to find peer-reviewed research articles

Answer 4

google scholar, PubMed

Question 5

evidence-based practice definition

Answer 5

when research and scientific data is implemented into professional practices

Question 6

Examples of evidence-based practice in the real world

Answer 6

NFL return to play, dietary guidelines, seatbelts, etc

Question 7

Calorie definition

Answer 7

amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius

Question 8

direct calorimetry

Answer 8

measure heat production as an indication of metabolic rate (box system)

Question 9

indirect calorimetry

Answer 9

measure oxygen consumption as an estimate of metabolic rate

Question 10

open-circuit spirometry

Answer 10

measure the uptake of oxygen (o2 consumed) (air we breath in - air we breath out)

Question 11

3 factors influence exercise efficiency

Answer 11

exercise intensity, speed of movement, muscle fiber type

Question 12

how do we estimate energy expenditure in the gym?

Answer 12

power = work/time, direct relationship (heart rate, oxygen consumption)

Question 13

Homeostasis

Answer 13

physiological variables that don’t change at rest (basal state)

Question 14

Steady state

Answer 14

unchanging physiological variable, homeostasis is steady state but steady state is not always homeostasis

Question 15

components of a biological control system

Answer 15

sensor, receptor, control center, effector

Question 16

feedback of most biological control systems

Answer 16

negative feedback

Question 17

adaptation

Answer 17

change in structure and function of cell or organ over time, allowing improved ability to maintain homeostasis or steady state

Question 18

Acclimation

Answer 18

adapting to environmental stressors (temp, altitude, humidity)

Question 19

5 mechanisms of cell signaling

Answer 19

intracrine, juxtacrine, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

Question 20

intracrine cell signaling

Answer 20

a chemical message sent within a cell

Question 21

juxtacrine signaling

Answer 21

a chemical message between two cells

Question 22

autocrine signaling

Answer 22

a chemical message on the same cell, but message leaves the cell first

Question 23

paracrine signaling

Answer 23

message acts on nearby cells

Question 24

endocrine signaling

Answer 24

message released into blood stream, usually hormones

Question 25

hormesis definition

Answer 25

low dose of a potentially harmful stress resulting in beneficial adaptations

Question 26

which molecules help maintain cellular homeostasis

Answer 26

ATP, glucose, glycogen, oxygen, etc

Question 27

catabolic reaction

Answer 27

breaks apart molecules

Question 28

anabolic reaction

Answer 28

builds molecules

Question 29

why are mitochondria important

Answer 29

Make ATP! break down carbs and fatty acids, consume oxygen to generate atp

Question 30

2 types of chemical reactions

Answer 30

endergonic and exergonic

Question 31

endergonic reactions

Answer 31

require energy

Question 32

exergonic reactions

Answer 32

release energy

Question 33

oxidation reaction

Answer 33

loss of electrons and protons (hydrogen), gain oxygen

Question 34

reduction reaction

Answer 34

gain of electrons and protons (hydrogen), loss of oxygen

Question 35

reducing equivalents

Answer 35

NADH and FADH2, carry electrons that can be released for energy in the mitochondria

Question 36

enzymes function

Answer 36

speed up the rate of a reaction by decreasing amount of energy needed to start the reaction

Question 37

3 macronutrients used for fuel

Answer 37

carbs, fatty acids, proteins

Question 38

how is glucose stored

Answer 38

stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver glycogen synthase turns glucose into glycogen

Question 39

glycogenolysis

Answer 39

process of breaking down glycogen into glucose

Question 40

fatty acids

Answer 40

primary form of fat used for fuel

Question 41

triglycerides

Answer 41

storage of fatty acids in muscle tissue and adipose tissue

Question 42

how does atp provide energy

Answer 42

energy is released when phosphate group is broken off, forming adp

Question 43

three bioenergetic pathways

Answer 43

phosphocreatine, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation

Question 44

bioenergetic pathway

Answer 44

produces ATP

Question 45

fastest bioenergetic pathway

Answer 45

phosphocreatine

Question 46

slowest bioenergetic pathway

Answer 46

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 47

which bioenergetic pathway produces lactate

Answer 47

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 48

what does the body do with lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 48

goes into the bloodstream, then the liver, liver converts it back to glucose

Question 49

where do oxidative phosphorylation and beta oxidation occur

Answer 49

mitochondria

Question 50

is oxidative phosphorylation driven by supply or demand

Answer 50

demand

Question 51

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 51

consumption of oxygen to produce ATP

Question 52

Beta oxidation

Answer 52

break down fats for energy