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AP Psych > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

Scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
mental- thinking/invisible
behavioral- actions/visible

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2
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to look for, interpret, or overvalue information that confirms prior beliefs.

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3
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency to perceive past events as more predictable.

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4
Q

Overconfidence

A

Tendency to be too confident.

abilities and performance/results dont match up

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5
Q

Empirical Evidence

A

Information that is obtained through:
1. observation
2. experimentation
3. measurement

prevents cognitive bias by providing objective info

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6
Q

The Scientific Method

A

A systematic approach used to study [behavior and mental processes].

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7
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific, testable prediction.

educated guess

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8
Q

Falsifiability

A

Capacity for a statement to be proven wrong.

testability

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9
Q

Peer Review

A

A process where research results are evaluated by field experts that judge if they are fit to be published or not.

assess quality, validity, + significance

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10
Q

Replication

A

Process of recreating a research study to determine if its findings can be consistently observed

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11
Q

Reliability

A

Overall consistency of a measure/test (even if replicated).

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12
Q

Validity

A

How accurately a measure/test measures what it intends to measure.

ex: intelligence experiment but analyze personality

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13
Q

Research Design

A

The overall plan or strategy that outlines how a research will be conducted to address specific research questions or objectives.

overall structure

diff types: experimental, correlational, descriptive

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13
Q

The American Psychological Association (APA)

A

Professional organization dedicated to advancing the field of psychology and promoting the application of psychological knowledge to improve human welfare.

Ex: give statements: BLM

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14
Q

Methodology

A

The systematic procedures and techniques used to conduct research within a specific research design.

specific techniques/application

data collection- surveys, observations, infajsd
data analysis technique- statistical texts, qualitative coding
quality assurance methods

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15
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Number-based information gathered from surveys, tests, or experiments.

why: helps understand patterns and relationships in a precise way

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16
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Gives deeper insight into complex topics.

Collected through: interviews, observations, focuses on ppls experiences and behaviors

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17
Q

Likert Scales

A

A measurement tool used in surveys and questionnaires to assess peoples’ attitudes, opinions, or perceptions.

strongly agree

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18
Q

Structured Interviews

A

A research method in which predetermined questions are asked to all participants in the same order.

mindhunter/self-reporting

can be open ended

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19
Q

Survey Technique

A

A research method in psychology used to collect data from a sample of individuals through self-report* measures.

*limitation: lies, beliefs, opinions

qualitative or quantitative^^^^

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20
Q

Wording Effect

A

Subtle changes in phrasing of survey questions that can influence respondents’ interpretations and responses.

can lead to biased responses

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21
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

The tendency of individuals to respond in a manner that is viewed favorably by others or conforms to social norms, rather than providing honest, accurate answers.

eric-techapp-cuantas horas usas el tel

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22
Q

Naturalistic Observation

Study These Flashcards
A

Where researchers observe and record behavior in real-world settings without intervention or manipulation.

CANNOT JUDGE (difficult) writing X pressing pencil on paper V

tally counts (bobo dolls), observer narratives, audio or video recordings

23
Q

Case Study

Study These Flashcards
A

A research method in psychology that involves an in-depth examination of a single individual, group, or phenomenon.

not all cases are generalizable

Genie (Wild Child)

24
Correlational Research
A scientific method used in psychology to examine the relationship between 2 or more variables | correlation does not equal causation, observe naturally, no intervention ## Footnote why: identify patterns+predict
25
Third Variable Problem
The possibility that an unobserved 3rd variable may affect a correlational relationship.
26
Scatterplot
A visual representation used to display correlation between 2 variables. | allows to assess strength+direction + ID any outliers or unusual pattern
27
Correlation Coefficient
A statistical measure used to quantify strength (0.1-1) and direction (-or+) of correlation. | stronger=+predictable ## Footnote VECTOR
28
No Correlation
0 = no relationship | ex: # of friends + fav color
29
Positive Correlation
If one increases, the other does too. If one decreases, the other does too. | +1 = perfect positive relationship ## Footnote Ex: practive^ skill^ work^ money^
30
Negative Correlation
If one increases, the other decreases. If one decreases, the other increases. | -1 = perfect negative relationship ## Footnote Ex: stress ^ happiness v
31
Experimental Method
A research technique used to determine cause-and-effect between variables. | manipulates 1 variable and measures the effect of another ## Footnote CAUSATION
32
Independent Variable
The variable that the researcher deliberately changes or **manipulates** in an experiment. | MANIPULATED/INPUT ## Footnote ICE: independent, controlled (by the reasearcher), (changed to see) effect
33
Dependent Variable
The variable that is observed or **measured** for changes in an experiment | MEASURED/OUTPUT ## Footnote DREAM: dependent, result/response, examined/observed, affected (by independent variable), measured/observed
34
Confounding Variable
A variable that was not accounted for or controlled but still affects the results of a study. | EXTERNAL ## Footnote makes it difficult to determine causality
35
Operational Definition
Specifies how a researcher will measure and manipulate variables in a study | DEFINITION/SPECIFIC ## Footnote outlines procedures, ensures replication consistency(reliability) ex: what is sleep deprivation
36
Experimental Group
Participant group **exposed** to the independent variable.
37
Control Group
Participant group **NOT exposed** to the independent variable. | Provides a baseline for comparison with the experimental group.
38
Random Assignment
Research method used to assign participants to different groups. | RNG, bowl of fate, coin toss ## Footnote equal chance, minimize selection bias + ensures groups are comparable since they are representative?
39
Placebo Effect
The phenomenon where an individual experiences an effect solely because they **believe** in the treatment they're receiving. | EFFECT
40
Experimental Bias
When the researcher's expectations or beliefs about the outcome of a study influences the results. ## Footnote affects how an investiggation is conducted or interpreted
41
Single-Blind Study
Participants are unaware of what group they are in. | PARTICIPANTS
42
Double-Blind Study
Researchers are unaware of what group the participants are in. | PARTICIPANTS+REASEARCHERS
43
Placebo Condition
The group that receive the placebo. | GROUP
44
Sample
A subset of individuals or cases selected from a larger population for a study. | used to make generalizable inferences ## Footnote ex: pop=world sample=amr
45
Representative Sample
Sample selected so that it accurately reflects the demographics, characteristics, and diversity of that population. ## Footnote diversity^=better^
46
Random Sample
Sample selected so that each person has an equal opportunity to be included. | minimizes researcher bias + increases generalizability
47
Sample Bias
Occurs when a samples is not representative. | leads to innacurate/misleading results ## Footnote Ex: trump rallly "whos gonna win"
48
Generalizability
The extent to which findings can be applied to a larger population. | confidence researchers have in extending conclusions beyond specific cas
49
Statistics
A large amount of data that can be collected in research studies. | data->info: organize, analyze, predict
50
Descriptive Statistics
Numerical measures used to summarize and describe the characteristics of a dataset. | measures of central tendency + measures of variability ## Footnote input
51
Inferential Statistics
Using data from a sample to make inferences and generalize. | SSPS, ANOVA ## Footnote output
52
Measures of Central Tendency
Statistical tools used to describe the central or average set or point of data. | mean, median, mode ## Footnote center of a value of distribution(conjunto de #s, data compiled )
53
Mean
Represents the average value in a set of data. ## Footnote average
54
Median
Represents the middle value.
55
Mode
Represents the most frequent value. | unimodal-one mode, multimodal-multiple modes, no mode- all same frequenc

AP Psych (2 decks)

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