unit 1 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
assumption about what causes behavior
A
if people behave there must be a reason
2
Q
positive motivation approach
A
goal, want, incentive, need
3
Q
negative motivation approach
A
avoidance, dear, anxiety
4
Q
negative motivation is ___ for changing behavior but ____ for disrupting
A
bad, good
5
Q
concept of motivation
A
when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior
6
Q
motivation helps explain __ and __ in behavior
A
intensity, persistance
7
Q
motivation is inferred or observed
A
inferred
8
Q
motivation is characterized by
A
activation (energy), direction (goal)
9
Q
categories of analysis
A
relationship between people n the social network
10
Q
nomothetic or idiographic
A
norm or individual
11
Q
innate vs acquired
A
born or learned
12
Q
levels of analysis in the social sciences
A
physical, biological, psychological, behavioral, dyadic, triadic, cultural, societal, temporal
13
Q
levels of analysis
A
physiological, individual, social, philosophical
14
Q
major constructs in motivation
A
energy, physiological mechanisms, learning, social interaction, cognitive processes, activation of motivation, homeostasis, hedonism, growth motivation
15
Q
philosophical roots of motivation theory: Aristotle
A
table rosa (free will vs determinism)
16
Q
determinism/free will
A
Aristotle
wanting to do something vs being able to
17
Q
philosophical roots of motivation theory: descant
A
dualism
free rational soul vs automatic non-rational process of the body
18
Q
philosophical roots of motivation theory: locke
A
sensation-based thinking vs reflection and association
19
Q
physiological roots of motivation theory
A
sensory and motor nerves, specific nerve engines, electrical nature of the nerve impulse, localization of function
20
Q
evolution and motivation
A
life, mitosis, meiosis, sex, higher motives
21
Q
evolution
A
natural selection, sexual selection, female vs male sexual strategies, mate selection, instincts, emotions, thoughts, behavior
22
Q
basic themes in motivation theory
A
attempt to adapt, arouses and energizes, governs and directs, persistence, role of feelings, individual differences, self-regulating, free will
23
Q
ARAS
A
arousal, vigilance, sleep, focus, attention, regulation
24
Q
TPS
A
awareness, sorting, assigning, choosing, responding
25
limbic system
amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
26
amygdala
fight or flight
27
hypothalamus
primary drives, growth, calmness
28
hippocampus
immediate memory, emotions and values
29
cortex
long term memory, analysis, rationality, logic
30
DRAS
responding, coordinating, integrating, activity, behavior
31
nominal fallacy
labeling
32
William James instincts
reflex, motive, impulse, tendency to act, changes through experience, variability due to habit and transitory nature
33
William mcdougall
instinct-cognitive + affective + cognitive (striving +/-)
teleological, altered
34
instincts are altered
activated by trigger or the idea of trigger, generalized environmentally, multi-instincts triggered simultaneously, specific to particular environments
35
anthropomorphism
generalizing from ones situation as a human to other animals
36
classical ethology
evolution, development and function of behavior
37
Lorenz and tinbergen
observing behavior in the natural setting, consummatory and appetitive behavior, key stimuli, fixed action pattern
38
fixed action pattern
stereotyped, independent of immediate external control, FAP vs taxes are responsive to external control, spontaneous, independent of learning
39
social releasers
intention movement, ritualization
40
motivational conflict
conflict behavior, successive ambient behavior, simultaneous ambivalent behavior, redirected behavior, ethological displacement
41
imprinting
sensitive period, permanent, irreversible
42
modern ethology
open vs closed, preparedness, facial expression, shyness, neoteny, sexual behavior, staring, speech, aggression
43
types of aggression
inter (group), intra (leader), predatory, mob, male (testosterone), young
44
defining arousal
activation of the brain and body
45
arousal activations
increased electrical activity, HR, blood flow redirected to brain and muscle, muscle tone increase, body make use of stored chemicals to process information, plan, expend physical energy
46
brainstem is responsible for
consciousness
47
senses stimulate the
ARAS/DRAS which in turn activates the brain
48
without arousal from the ARAS/DRAS the rest of the brain
will not respond
49
arousal can be measured through
EEG
50
increase in activity produces waves of ____ frequency but ____ amplitude
increased, decreased
51
autonomic NS triggered by
various stimuli through the limbic system
52
hypothalamus triggers
ANS, endocrine
53
adrenal medulla
epinephrine/adrenaline
54
ANS
sympathetic system
55
low and high arousal is related to
negative or neutral effect
56
moderate arousal is related to
positive effect
57
since we seek positive affect, we tend to work best at ___ arousal
moderate
58
under certain circumstances, high arousal can be related to
positive affect
59
arousal and performance relationship is described by a
U shape curve
60
humans are ___ to low levels of stimulation
averse
61
individuals in low levels of stimulation appear to
produce internal stimulation to compensate
62
longterm effet of sensory deprivation
intellectual deficits
63
anxiety
chronically high arousal is aversive
64
other symptoms of anxiety
intellectual impairment, poor learning, poor concentration
65
anxious individuals tend to be ___ reactive to other stimuli
over
66
kagan
inhibited, uninhibited children
67
eysenck
introversion, extraversion, neuroticism
68
gray
behavioral inhibition system which incorporates IN+ and EN=
69
Barlow
anxiety apprehension model
70
sensory overload
epinephrine vs seretonin
71
raphe nuclei
decrease in arousal
72
locus coeruleus
increase in arousal
73
GABA
volume switch
74
does sensory input increase arousal
no
75
dealing with sensory overload
restrict sensory input, setting priorities, managing information
76
state arousal
cognitive dissonance
state of arousal that stems from new information that contradicts an existing view
77
state arousal leads to
psychological discomfort
78
state arousal creates
tension or drive state
79
state arousal may or may not lead to
attitudinal shift to reduce discomfort
80
dissonance interferes with
new, difficult tasks, but may facilitate over learned tasks
81
stress arousal can negatively affect
performance
82
biological effects of stress can negatively affect
immune systems
83
stress can lead to
self-preoccupying intrusive thinking (distracti0on)
84
achievement is related to
work and mastery, not competitive arousal
85
states of consciousness
wakefulness, alertness, sleep, dreams
86
sleep is essential to proper functioning of
metabolism, blood pressure, glucose levels, insulin, testosterone, memory, mood regulation, thinking, creativity, development
87
sleep allows for the replenishing of
physiological and psychological functioning
replenishing of glycogen ro the brain
88
patterns of brain electrical activity in sleep include
REM, NREM
89
REM occurs
every 90 mins
90
REM patterns increase in length as
sleep progresses
91
during REM, blood flow ____, metabolism _____, ___nerve firing, kidneys _____
increase 40%, increase, spontaneous, produce less urine in higher concentrations
92
environmental arousal on sleep
environment can affect ability to fall asleep
93
lack of environmental stimulation can ___ sleep
facilitate
94
environmental stimulation can ____ with sleep
interfere
95
other factors affecting sleep
individual differences, sleep deprivation, half day cycle, relationships between basic rest/activity cycle and REM, left brain/right brain cycle
96
effects of sleep loss
making up for different types of lost sleep
consistent sleep loss cannot be made up in one night
lapsing, uneven performance
cognitive slowing
memory problems
vigilance decrements and habituation
optimum response shift
97
effects of sleep deprivation
sleep apnea, paradoxical effects on depression
98
ellman's theory of REM
intracranial self-stimulation
when awake, environment provides stimulation
when asleep, self-reflection is suspended and vivid internal experience are created
keeps the brain in a state of motivated readiness
99
vogels motivation theory of REM
increased neural activity and excitability renders to the person ready to respond when awake
REM characterized by increase in activity
if REM takes up too much energy, a person will have little interest in environmental stimuli when we wake
antidepressants decrease REM
100
neural reorganization
transfer of information from immediate to long term memory
101
early sleep assists ___ learning
declarative
102
late sleep assists ____ learning
procedural
103
dissipation of stress and emotional loading based on
cholinergic system
104
neural reorganization facilitates
divergent thinking
105
Hobsons model of dreams
shutting down of the aminergic system
hallucinations, delusions, distortion of time, place, person, intensifications of emotions, failure of memory
106
freud meaning of dreams
symbolic view of life
107
Hobson meaning of dreams
transparent and unedited
108
crick and mitchison meaning of dreams
meaningless
109
Cartwright meaning of dreams
information processing
110
Kramer meaning of dreams
assimilation and accommodation
111
Hartman meaning of dreams
extends processing of emotional issues and provides more neural connections to manage stress
112
insomnia
failure to sleep
113
drug related insomnia
GABA, stimulants
114
non-drug related insomnia
situational, benign, arrhythmic, sleep anomalies
115
sleep anomalies
narcolepsy, sleep walking, night terrors
116
epinephrine is in the ___ and adrenaline is in the ____
synapse
blood stream
117
with adrenaline come ___ in stress
cortisol
118
long periods of stress lead to
increased cortisol, attacks immune system
119
states of consciousness are managed by
ARAS, DRAS
120
open focus meditation
can replicate sleep and cycles
121
sleep apnea is a secondary condition because
it comes from a pulmonary disease, that affects sleep
122
situational insomnia
environmental
123
benign insomnia
self defined
124
arrhythmic insomnia
irregular sleep patterns
125
night terrors most common in
children
126
when is the most dangerous time for a heart attack
an hour before waking up
127
an hour before we wake up is when
we produce more epinephrine and adrenaline
128
limbic system is REM or NREM
NREM
129
visual cortex is REM and NREM
REM
130
circadian rhythm
25 hour daily clock
131
rise and fall of ____ cause sleep and wakefulness
epinephrine
132
hypothalamus controls the ____ which controls the level of ____
adrenal gland
adrenaline
133
human sexual arousal is a ___ event
sensory
134
both male and female sexual arousal is driven by
testosterone
135
tactile stage includes
initial touching through intercourse
136
differences in men and women with sexuality is due to
learning and cognition
137
sexual maturity involves
refocusing a persons sexual pleasure and learning to enjoy sharing sexual experiences with another
138
men and women differ in the attribution to the meaning of sex
men: something you do because you like it
women: liking or loving someone, emotional attachment
139
evolutionary perspective of sex
survival
140
hormones with attraction, passion, love
epinephrine, dopamine, endorphins, oxytocin
141
female mating strategies
security
142
male mating strategies
reproduction
143
falling in love depends on
out cognitive set
144
sexual arousal
as a facilitator of attraction
depends on how the person feels
145
intimacy
sense of closeness
146
commitment
sense of continuation and responsibilities
147
interactions between ___, ___ and ___ make a relationship work
arousal, intimacy, commitment
148
biological differences between men and women: sex hormones in differing amounts ___, ____, ____
androgen, progestins, estrogen
149
____ is the master gland that governs the release of hormones
pituitary
150
___ govern the reproductive cycle and sexual receptivity
hormones
151
sexual orientation: biological factors include
hormonal levels and structures in the hypothalamus
152
Kinsey study
determined pre-adolescent and emerge from feelings
