Unit 1 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Photosynthesis formula
A
carbon + water + light energy = glucose + oxygen
2
Q
Chemosynthesis
A
- organisms that live in harsh environments that cannot perform photosynthesis
- in deep sea vents, specialized bacteria split hydrogen sulfide molecules -> chemical that provides energy
- live in cold ocean, hot springs, deep caves, salty lakes
3
Q
Autotrophs
A
Self feeders/producers: uses suns energy to feed themselves
4
Q
Heterotrophs
A
Other feeders: consume other organisms for energy
5
Q
Consumers
A
Must feed on producers, they cannot capture sun’s energy directly
- deer, moose, rabbit
6
Q
Secondary consumers
A
carnivores, eat mainly herbivores
- fox, lynx, fish
7
Q
tertiary consumers
A
feed on other carnivores
- wolf, polar bear, whale
8
Q
decomposers
A
Consume the dead matter of once living matter, breaks it down, and puts the nutrients back into the earth
- worms, beetles, bacteria
9
Q
1st Law of thermodynamics
A
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, can only be converted from one form to another
10
Q
2nd Law of thermodynamics
A
Energy is always lost to the surroundings as heat with every conversion
11
Q
Rule of 10
A
10% of energy that is present in one level is passed on to the next
- Limits number of trophic levels
12
Q
Trophic levels
A
- 1st
-2nd, primary consumers
-3rd, secondary consumers
-4th, tertiary consumers
13
Q
Food chain
A
linear pathway, who eats who
14
Q
food webs
A
show how organisms interact, connections between different food chains
15
Q
pyramid of numbers
A
represents number of organisms that occupy each trophic level
16
Q
pyramid of biomass
A
dry mass of organisms per unit of area
17
Q
pyramid of energy
A
amount of energy that is transferred through each trophic level
18
Q
disadvantages of pyramids
A
- can be inverted -> large number of primary consumers feeding on single producer
19
Q
calorimetry
A
sample of material is burned to determine how much energy it contains
- very time consuming and complex
20
Q
Hydrological cycle
A
- evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration
- water vapor is greenhouse gas (h20, co2,o3) that traps heat in atmosphere
- water is universal solvent -> polar and has hydrogen bonding
- has a high bp (100) and mp (0)
- high specific heat capacity -> takes more energy to heat up water, holds temp. longer
21
Q
adhesion
A
water molecules attracted to other surfaces
22
Q
cohesion
A
water molecules attracted to other water molecules
- responsible for surface tension
23
Q
sources of carbon dioxide
A
- forest fires/burning of fossil fuels
- breakdown of matter by decomposers
- cellular respiration
24
Q
carbon sinks
A
reservoirs that absorb more carbon dioxide than they emit
- forests
- oceans -> biggest carbon sink
25
Rapid cycling
fast
- carbon cycle ex. forest fire
26
slow cycling
slow
- fossil fuel deposits
-weathering
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greenhouse effect
- trap heat in atmosphere
- allows life on earth to exist, would be too cold without it
- humans are beginning to burn more fossil fuels, greenhouse emissions have increased earths temp.
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problems with more co2
- sea level rising
- melting snow caps
- unpredictable weather
- habitat destruction
- health problems
29
Sulfur cycle
- organisms require sulfur for proteins and vitamins
- air: decomposition, human activities, volcanic off-gassing release sulfur into atmosphere -> snow/rain return sulfur to earth's surface
- water: water soluble form of sulfur = sulfate
- soil: decomposers return sulfur to soil as hydrogen sulfide
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natural sources of sulfur
- weathering
- volcanic activity
- fossil fuel reserves
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man-made sources of sulfur
- combustion of fossil fuels (driving car, heating homes, etc.)
- processing of nitrogen fertilizers
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acid deposition
- sulfate combines with water vapor to form h2so4 (bad) and returns to earth in forms of precipitation
- acidifies lakes, rivers, and makes soil to acidic to grow some plants
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ways to reduce acid deposition
- scrubber
- catalytic converter
- electric engine
34
nitrogen fixation
bacteria and lightning convert n2 to nh4 (ammonium)
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ammonification
bacteria convert ammonium (nh4) into nitrite (no2-) and (no3-)
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denitrification
bacteria convert nitrite (no2- or no3-) back to nitrogen gas (n2)
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nitrogen fixing bacteria
- found in lumps in bumps called nodules
- bacteria provides plant with usable nitrogen, plant provides bacteria with sugar to make nitrates
- the plants, legumes, have more nitrates so some leach into soil for other plants to use
38
phosphorous cycle
- only cycle with no gas phase, found in soil and water (doesn't cycle through atmosphere)
- key component in teeth, dna, bones
- rapid: decomposers
- long term: bedrock of water as phosphate
- phosphates enter food chain through photosynthetic organisms
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algal bloom
overgrowth of algae in aquatic environments, excess of phosphates
- organic matter use up more oxygen -> death of fish and aquatic life
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species
organisms that can breed with one another to produce fertile offspring
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population
group of same species living in a specific area at the same time
ex. gophers on canal
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community
individuals of interacting populations in an area (many species)
ex. spiders at kinsmen
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ecosystem
community of populations together with biotic and abiotic factors
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aristotle
- made two kingdoms: plantae, animalia
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haeckel
made another kingdom: protista
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taxonomy
classifying living things
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linnaeus
- father of taxonomy
- subdivided the kingdoms
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the subdivisions of the kingdoms
life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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the 3 domains
- bacteria: true bacteria, prokaryotes
- archaea: live in harsh environments (extremeophiles)
- eukarya: complex cells, has nucleus and membrane bound structures
ex. humans
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archaea and bacteria
single celled organisms without nucleus, wide range of habitats
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protista
unicellular and multicellular, some photosynthesize, some heterotrophs, some decomposers, include algae and protozoans, various niches
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fungi
secrete digestive enzymes onto food source and absorb released molecules
ex. mushrooms, molds, yeasts
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plantae
photosynthesis, sessile, multicellular
ex. trees, plants, ferns
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animalia
complex specialized cells
ex. humans, bears, kangaroos
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binomial nomenclature
- Linnaeus
- two name system -> genus and species
- in Latin, universal scientific name
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why is there an uneven distribution of life on earth
- earth has unequal heating
- leads to different air and water patterns
- soil, topography, altitude, latitude, and temp determine types of organisms in an area
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summer solstice
longest day of the year with the most sun
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winter solstice
shortest day with the least sun
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fall equinox
equal amount of sun
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mixed forests
have more species of diversity
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pure stand forests
same species of trees
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abiotic limiting factors
plants: soil type, moisture, humidity, temperature
- general: water, sunlight, soil, shelter, breeding sites
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biotic factors
- resource competition: food, intraspecific competition (between 1 species), interspecific (between 2+ species), births drop, deaths increase
- predation: predator eats prey
- parasitism: parasite takes nourishment from host and host is harmed but not killed
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adaptations
structure, behavior, physiological process that helps organisms survive and reproduce in certain environment
ex. camouflage, talons, hibernation
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structural adaptations
wings to fly, webbed feet, hollow bones
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behavioral adaptations
migration, hibernation, nocturnal
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physiological adaptions
pheromones: biological perfume used to attract a mate
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variation
differences that help an individual survive to reproduce
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mutations
- changes to genetic information
- may result in new characteristics
- occurs in somatic cell: dies with indivdual
- occurs in sex cell: may be passed on to further generations
- can lead to many combos at fertilization
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sexual reproduction
- lead to increased variation
- mutations can occur
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plato and aristotle
life exists in a perfect and unchanging form
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buffon
- similarities between humans and apes
- founder of biogeography
- believe earth was over 6000 years old
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cuvier
- paleontology: layers contained different fossils
- earth suffered catastrophic events leading to extinction
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lyell
- geological changes are slow and continuous, occur over long periods of time
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lamark
3 ideas: spontaneous generation, organisms strive for perfection, inheritance of acquired characteristics
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malthus
- populations had too many babies
- populations are reduced by starvation and disease
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darwin and wallace
- traits that helped organisms survive would be passed to offspring
- competition would select individuals with favorable traits
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evolution
change in a population over a long time
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Darwins 2 main ideas
1. life forms have arisen from decent and modification from ancestral species
2. mechanism for change is natural selection
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overpopulation
organisms have too many babies
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struggle for existence
competition ex. food, shelter, mates
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variation
differences
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survival of the fittest
best adapted organisms survives and reproduces
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speciation
over time if an organism occupies a new niche it can be considered a new species
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fossil record
sedimentary rock containing the remains of organisms
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transitional fossils
links between layers
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biogeography
study of past and present geological distribution of organisms
- animals found on islands often resemble animals on closest continent
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homologous structures
similar structure, different function
ex. legs, arms
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analogous structures
different structure, similar function
ex. wings
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embryology
the development of unborn babies, similar stages of embryonic development
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molecular biology
- enzymes control biochemical reactions
- proteins are synthesized from amino acids
- all cells have membranes
- replicating cells contain dna
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speciation
1. accumulated change in a population over a long time due to mutations and changing environment
2. divergence: one species diverges from another
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geographic barriers
- mountains, rivers, lakes, highways prevents species from interbreeding
- isolation must be maintained so that new species are reproductively incompatible
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biological barriers
- behavioral signals: spiders pheromones, fireflies blinking patterns
- temporal: species breed at different times of day or year
- different habitat: ex. breeding in land and water
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models of change
1. adaptive radiation: diversification of ancestral species into variety of species which are differently adapted
2. phylogenic tree: shows ancestral origins of organisms
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gradualism
gradual change occurs slowly in linear fashion, fossil record does not support this
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punctuated equilibrium
periods of equilibrium punctuated with periods of speciation
