Unit 1 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Organic
A
Made of Hydrogen and Carbon (98%) are made of 6 elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulphur, Nitrogen,
2
Q
Isotopes
A
different forms of atoms
3
Q
radioisotopes
A
Nucleus of atom is unstable and give off matter which is detectable by radioactivity
4
Q
INTRA
A
inside molecule bonds
give and take electrons
full charges involved
metals + non-metal
e.g. NaCl
5
Q
INTER
A
between molecules
- Share E-
-partial/no charges
only contain non-metals
e.g. H2O
6
Q
Polarity
A
Electronegativity- how much atom wants to become stable
Biological systems- determines interactions + neutrons
unequal sharing of electrons results in a polar covalent bond (slight charge)
7
Q
Polar
A
Attracted to water, hydrophillic
8
Q
nonpolar
A
molecules are hydrophobic
9
Q
4 chemical reactions
A
Neutralization
Oxidation Reduction
Condensation reactions
Hydrolysis
10
Q
Neutralization
A
acids dissolve in water ( H ion increase)
base- hydroxide ion inc
11
Q
redox
A
one gains electrons (reduction)
loses electrons (oxidation)
12
Q
condensation (dehydration synthesis)
A
water is used to build larger molecules
13
Q
Water is a ……… molecule
A
polar (uneven distribution of e-
14
Q
7 characteristics of Water
A
- Cohesion
- Adhesion
- Low density
- High specific heat capacity
- High heat of vaporization
- Good solvent
- Water as reagent
15
Q
Hydrogen Bonds
A
Weak attraction between positive hydrogen of one molecule and negative oxygen of another
one water molecule- 4 hydrogen bonds
not chemical bonds- no molecule formed
break + reform properties are because of water
16
Q
Cohesion
A
clinging to itself, Xylem, transporting water and materials
17
Q
Adhesion
A
Clinging to other substance
-pond skaters, xylem clinging molecules to walls of xylem
18
Q
surface tension
A
How difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
- Top molecules attempt to occupy the least amount of space making surface tension
19
Q
Low Density
A
- Density of ice lower than water
forms layer on top and allows life during winter snow as insulator
20
Q
High specific heat capacity
A
a lot of heat needed to raise temp.
environment stability
biochemical reactions in cells
21
Q
high heat of vaporization
A
amount of heat needed to turn water–> gas
lots of energy to break Hydrogen bonds
-sweating, evaporation–> cooling
22
Q
Good solvent
A
water very good for polar substances
SALT- water molecules surround salt negative parts of water (oxygen) is attracted to positive Na+ ion positive H on water is attached to negative chloride ion
23
Q
Water as reagent
A
water participates in metabolic processes
acts as a metabolic source of H in photosynthesis
24
Q
Proteins
A
Carboxyl and amino groups
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carbs
only CHO (1:2:1)
every carbon has oxygen
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Nucleic acids
RIngs, contqains N sometimes pentose sugar sometimes phosphate
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Lipids
only CHO
-not every carbon has an attached oxygen
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Proteins
Muscle structure, hormones, antibodies pathogens, hemoglobin for carrying oxygen, transport proteins for moving molecules across cell membranes, chemical messengers in the nervous system and many more NCC in a lot of them
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Carbohydrates
Store energy and provide structure
sugar- ring structures
single rings easily go back to straight chains
easy to break down starch and glycogen
harder to break down cellulose, mainly in plants
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Lipids
hydrophobic lots of hydrocarbons--> nonpolar covalent bonds fats, phospholipids, steroids
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Disaccharides
Carbs- maltose, sucrose, lactose
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Maltose
Glucose + gluose
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Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
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Lactose
Glucose + galactose
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Formation of disaccharides
OH on carbon-1 reacts with the OH on carbon-4 of the other monosaccharide
- forms a 1,4 glycosidic bond takes the form of bridging oxygen atoms that links 2 monosaccharides
-disaccharides and water molecule are produced
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breaking a disaccharide
- bonds in the carbohydrates need to be broken to release single glucose monosaccharides to be used in respiration
-glycosidic bond is split in a process called hydrolysis
- water added catalyzed by enzymes
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polysaccharides
- formed when many molecules link up in long chains via condensation (dehydration reaction)
- ideal for storing energy
easily broken down into glucose via hydroysis
e.x. starch, glycogen, cellulose
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starch
few branches, plant, spiral/branches, storage of alpha glucose
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Glycogen
many branches of alpha glucose
human (vertbrates)
storage carbohydrate
in animals
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Cellulose
No bracnhes- long structural support, chains of beta glucose plant cells
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Starch
long chains of A- glucose
amylose
-1,4 glycosidic bridges
- spiral structure w/H bonds
- unbranched
- glucose can only be released from enzymes working at each
Amylopectin
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkages
-branched structure
-branched structure
-can be broken down more rapidly
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Glycogen
-store energy in animals/ fungi
- a gluclose units
- more 1,6 glycosidic bonds
-1,4 glycosidic bonds
- many side branches- can be broken down easily
- insoluble + compact (good for storages)
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cellulose
structural components of plant cell walls
- made of long parallel chians of B- glucose 1,4 linkages
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Chitin
Similiar in structure to cellulose but has N foudn in cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons
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Lipids
Group of macronutrients- oils, fats, cholesterol
mostly made of C and H
lipids are non-polar (not soluble)
large complex molecules NON-REPEATING
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Triglycerides
fats- solid at room temp
oils- liquid at room temp
function-long term energy storage
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Fats and Oils
carbon + hydrogen + oxygen less oxygen than carbohydrates
made of glycerol and fatty acids
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fatty acids
single fatty acid molecule contaisn an acid
carboxyl- COOH group attached to a hydrocarbon chain
most commonly even numbers
inc chain length- less solubility
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Builiding a Triglyceride
condensation
-hydrogen atom on the glycerol bonds to the hydroxyl group on the fatty acid , water is released
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Breaking a Triglyceride
-hydrolysis
-molecule of water is added to each ester bond to break it apart and the triglyceride is broken up into 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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saturated
solid at room temp
present in mostly animal fats
e.g. meat, butter, dairy
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unsaturated
liquids at room temp, present in plant fats, e.g. nuts, oils
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Phospholipid tail polarity?
tails are hydrophobic- no charge, insoluble
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Phospholipids function?
main structural component of cell membranes made up of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
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Phosphate group (head of phospholipid) polarity?
Hydrophilic, water loving, polar
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Types of Lipids 2 other
Waxes, steroids
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waxes
long chain fatty acid
others act as barrier or waterproof coating
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steroids
signaling molecules
- certain 4 fused hydrocarbon rings and several different functional groups
ex. cholesterol, testosterone, progesterone, estrogen
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Function of Cell membrane
- Border of cell
-controls what comes in and goes out
-takes in and excretes substances
-food in waste out
-communcation!
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3 Main component of cell membrane
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Carbohydrates
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Lipids (main component purpose?)
main component
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Protein (main component purpose)
transport
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Carbhydrates
(communication)
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Why Do Cell membranes have a particular structure
- outside of cell has water, inside has water
-hydrophilic heads are in contact with water only
-hydrophobic lipid tails are never in contact with water
-they block substances from passing through
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What is the name for the cell membrane model?
Fluid mosaic
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Fluid mosaic model
-fluid portion is the phospholipid bilayer 2 layers of phospholipids
- bilayer is flexible (shape can change)
-phospholipids are not bonded together
lipids and some proteins may dirt laterally within the membrane
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Membrane fluidity
Lipid composiiton
-saturated or unsaturated
tight pack v loose
-temperature
too low= solid
more unsat.= lower gelling temp
Sterols -cholesterol
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Sterols
cholesterol
-allows cells to function in a wide range of temperatures stays solid at high temps and liquid at low temps
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Proteins embedded in membrane form a ....
mosaic
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Cholestrol
found along side the phospholipids in the membrane
-membrane stabolizer
-minimizes the effect of temperature
- low temps keeps phospholipids from packing together
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Proteins (cell membrane)
transport
enzymes
-signaling- bind chemicals to trigger changes on inner surface
-attachment points for cytoskeleton
-recognize microbes to trigger immune response
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Integral membrane proteins
Embedded
-one region is anchored to hydrophobic core of membrane
-segments of polar amino acids at each end and nonpolar in middle
-part of the way or all the way through
transmembrane proteins-span the entire membrane
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Peripheral membrane proteins
found on outer or inner surface of membrane
-do not touch the hydrophobic core
-mostly on the cytosol side
- part of cytoskeleton
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Carbohydrates
outer surface (extracelluar)
Glycoprotein
bound to a protein
glycolipid- bound to a lipid
cellular markers - cell to cell recognition
-immune response
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Membrane Permeability
Membranes can be semi or selectively permeable
-control what goes in and out
-some things can pass in/out easily
-some things require specific structures
some require energy
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Types of transport
Passive and Active
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Passive:
movement without energy use
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active
movement with energy use
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Transport across the membrane (all subtypes)
1. Passive transport
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. active transport
4. edocytosis
5. exocytosis
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Which is a faster method of concentration gradient simple or facilitate?
Facilitated diffusion the maximum rate is reached quickly but limited to number of transport proteins
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Passive: Diffusion
Movement of molecule from high concentration to low concentration until they are at dynamic equilibrium
2 types
- simple diffusion
-facilitated
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Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion is 'helped' by membrane proteins
- Transport proteins protect charged/polar molecules from hydrophobic core by providing a route through the membrane
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Channel Proteins
- Transmembrane proteins
- Makes a hydrophilic tunnel for water and ions (Na+ K+, Cl-) to pass
-very selective
- some are voltage gated (open and closed based on electrical charges across the membrane)
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Aquaporins
Channel proteins specifically for water
85
Carrier Proteins
- change shape to move a specific molecule across the membrane
- slower than channel proteins
86
Osmosis
- The passive diffusion of water across a membrane
-movement of water from a high concentration (Low solute) to low concentration (high solute)
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Tonicity
The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move in and out of a cell
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Isotonic
concentration is equal inside and outside
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Hypertonic
Concentration of a solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytoplasm
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Hypotonic
concentration of a solute molecules inside the cell is higher than the concentration outside the cell
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Active Transport
Cell expends energy (ATP)
- moves materials against the concentration gradient
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Sodium Potassium Pump
3 sodium out: 2 potassium in Protein goes back and forth between 2 shapes
- inward facing -high affinity for Na+
-Outward facing = high affinity for K+
-plays major role in establishing membrane voltage (which then powers other pumps)
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Secondary Active Transport
Uses energy stored in electrochemical gradients set up by primary pumps to move substances against their gradient
- The transport of 1 substance is used to transport a 2nd simultaneously
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2 Types of secondary active transport
symport and Antiport
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Symport
molecules moving in the same direction
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Antiport
molecules move in opposite directions
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What kind of transport for small and nonpolar
simple diffusion
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Larger polar molecules, ions
Facilitated diffusion
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Molecules moving against their gradient coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP
Primary Active Transport
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Molecule going with a molecule moving against a gradient
Secondary active transport
101
Globular proteins
polymers of amino acids
-these amino acids join together in a long chain that folds to make a unique 3D structure
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Enzyme facts
Proteins that help chemical reactions take place
-speed up reactions (catalysts)
- reactions can occur at lower temperatures
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Enzymes
Facilitate chemical reactions
- increase rate of reaction (not consumed)
-reduces activation energy
- doesnt change the energy released or required
- required for most reactions
- highly speicifc (thousands in cells)
- Control reactions of life
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Substrate
Reactant which binds to the enzyme
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Product
end result of a reaction
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Active Site
Enzymes catalytic site (substrate fits here)
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Enzyme substrate complex
The complex formed when the substrate and enzyme interact
108
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic chemical but is actually a byproduct of metabolism
109
Properties of enzymes
- reaction specific
each enzyme works with a particular substrate
-H bonds and ionic bonds
- Not consumed in the reaction
they are unaffected
single enzyme can catalyse thousands of substrates/sec
-Affected by cellular conditions
-any condition that affect protein structure
-temperature, pH, salinity
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Naming Conventions
Enzymes are named for the reaction they catalyze
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sucrase
breaks down sucrose
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Proteases
break down proteins
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Lipases
break down lipids
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DNA polymerase
builds DNA
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Pepsin
breaks down proteins (polypeptides)
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Types of enzymes
Intracellular
Extracellular
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Intracellular
Work in animal and plant cells
e.g DNA polymerase, ligase
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Extracellular
Secreted by cells and work outside the membrane
e.g. lysozyme
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Enzyme mechanism models
Lock and Key
Induced Fit
120
Lock and Key
Not widely accepted Enzyme has a complementary shape to the substrate
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induced fit
More accepted model Enzyme moulds itself around the substrate upon binding
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Flagella
Used to help the cell swim around the cell
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Centrioles
Paired structures involved in animal cell divison
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Lysosome
Contain digestive enzymes that help break down the food
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Cillia
Fine hairs on the cells surface
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Nucleus
The control centre of the cell
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Organelles
Small units that have specialized functions in the cell
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Nucleolus
Located within the nucleus manufactures ribosome parts
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Golgi apparatus
Package proteins and secrete it outside the cell
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Endoplasmis reticulum
It acts as a passageway for materials moving to and from different parts of the cell and connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane
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Vacuole
Provide storage areas for food, minerals, and water
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Microfilaments
a fibre that consists primarily of subunits of the protein actin. that provide pathways for organelle movement
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Microtubules
Pipe-like structures that provide shape and support for cell movement, produced by the centrioles
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Ribosome
Manufacture proteins in the cell
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Cytoplasm
Fluid substance in a cell that supports the organelles
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Cell membrane
Controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell, and allows the exchange of food and gases
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Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
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Bulk transport
Large particles (or big quantities of small partciles) are transported across the membrane
- involved enclosing substances in their own small globes of membrane
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Exocytosis
Export- substances out of cell
- vesicles use with the plasma membrane releasing contents to exterior of cell
- hormones from endocrine glands or digestive juice from pancreas
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Endocytosis
Move particles in by enclosing them in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane
- substances are trapped in a pit/depression which pinches off, trapping the particles
e.g. phagocytosis or pinocytosis
eating vs drinking large substances vs fluids/solute
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Phagocytosis
cells engulf bacteria, viruses, parts of dead cells, etc.
e.g. macrophages (white blood cells)
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Receptor- mediated endocytosis
Form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule
receptors- proteins clustered in coated pits
eg LDL cholesterol
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Exocytosis
bringing out
