Unit 1 Flashcards

Question

Revolution of 1830

Answer 1

Louis XVIII(Napoleonʼs successor) dabbled in liberalism ◎ Charles X(r. 1824-1830), his brother did not ○ Firm monarchist ◎ July 30th, 1830 ○ To suppress dissent he: ◉ Gets rid of constitution ◉ Strips voting rights from middle class ◉ Censors press

Answer 2

- Bad Harvests/Potato Famine - Unemployment/Stagnant wages - Ineﬀective adjustments by govʼt to new industrial reality - Technology/Education were leading to a greater spread of ideas

Answer 3

- Liberals form anti-corn law league ○ Poor wanted cheaper food ○ Industrialists wanted to pay their workers less ○ Corn laws were only beneficial to the landholding elite ● PM Peel, repeals the Corn Laws

Answer 4

Peopleʼs Charter 1. Annual Elections 2. Universal Suﬀrage (Men) 3. Secret Ballot 4. Equal Electoral Districts 5. Abolition of Property requirements for MPs 6. Wage of MPs

Answer 5

Created awareness for the working class ○ Politicians were in fear of an uprising ◎ Would lead to the Reform Acts ʻ67 and ʻ84 ○ Centered around greater enfranchisement

Answer 6

Economic Equality ◦ Co-operation ◦ Public Property ◦ Collective Interest ◦ Collective Responsibility ◦ Adherence to Collective Norms

Answer 7

Utopian Socialism ◦ Marxism/Communism ◦ Democratic Socialism

Answer 8

◦ Largely came from the failures of laissez-faire capitalism/liberalism ◦ Extreme individualism left people behind ◦ Wanted less disparity ◦ Concern for the poor ◦ Thought private property was problematic ◦ Centred out of France

Answer 9

Utopian Socialist ◦ Positivism ▫ Industrial development provides optimistic possibilities ▫ Society should be lead by ‘doers’ ■ Scientists, engineers, industrialists, etc. ▫ Stressed moralistic behavior

Answer 10

Utopian Socialist Thought buying/selling goods led to unethical behavior ◦ Called for mathematical societies ‘phalanxes’ ▫ 1620 people per society ▫ Property owned by community ▫ Mariage is a reflection of capitalism so preached free love and freedom for women ▫ Open to different sexualities

Answer 11

Utopian Socialist ◦ Industrialist ◦ Set up society New Lanark in Scotland ▫ Social reform ▫ Child Education ■ No child under 10 worked ▫ Morality ▫ Industrial reform ◦ Became an inspiration for the unionism

Answer 12

◦ Class struggle/Class consciousness and warfare were essential ◦ Proletariat(working class) would overthrow the Bourgeoisie(ruling class) ◦ Creation of a classless society ◦ History determined by economic forces(Materialism) ◦ Abolition of private property ◦ Typically Atheist

Answer 13

○ Capitalists control the surplus ○ Worker created the surplus ■ Why isn’t the worker given it back? ■ Can’t create surplus without labour ○ Worker always exploited in capitalism ■ Will always be paid less than is produced

Answer 14

● Every thesis has an Antithesis ● This would help to form the synthesis ● Largely inspired by Hegel ● Marx believed that the conflict between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat would lead to a communist state (revolution)

Answer 15

Communist Manifesto (1848) With Friedrich Engels Das Kapital (1867)

Answer 16

● Represents the collective interest of workers ● Bargain with employers in regard to things like wages, benefits and working conditions

Answer 17

Equality was only for some men in England ✢ Artisan and working class didn’t fully buy into true capitalism ✢ Before they got the vote they used other ways to have their voice heard ○ Trade unionism became a way to achieve this ✢ England - 1824 - Repeal of of Combination Acts - Unions allowed

Answer 18

✢ Unions didn’t become popular until early 1900’s ✢ 1890 - Bismarck’s anti-socialist laws repealed ✢ 1895 - 270, 000 union members ✢ 1912 - 3 million union members

Answer 19

✢ Life for the working class and middle class got better ✢ Had disposable incomes ✢ Time for leisure ✢ Development of sports leagues ✢ Tourism developed ○ Middle class would often try to travel Europe’s capitals ✢ Due to the success of unions in England, Socialism didn’t reach the same popularity as continental Europe

Answer 20

✢ Moderate socialists ✢ Improve working conditions through legislation not revolution ✢ Supported: ○ Minimum wage laws ○ Unions ○ Strikes ○ Workers rights ✢ Largely inspired the Labour party in the UK

Answer 21

✢ mostly moderate ○ Although it was often characterized by the extremist factions ✢ Depended on unions and political decision to make a difference ✢ Greater male suffrage and reform gave Democratic socialists hope for change ○ No revolution needed ○ Military service/Education lead to patriots/nationalists ○ Didn’t want to revolt against the nation they loved ✢ Standard of living was much better for the working class

Answer 22

✢ Millions of followers ✢ Talked of revolution but practiced reform ✢ Largest amount of seats in the Reichstag won in 1912 (34%) ✢ May Day - May 1st ○ Annual day of strike ○ Show of Socialist solidarity

Answer 23

✢ Effort by Marxists to revise his intentions towards revolution ✢ They believe with the improved state of the working class that evolution over revolution was preferred ✢ Make deals with the Bourgeoisie rather than overthrowing them

Answer 24

● Women were working before and during early industrial times ● Went from skilled weaving and spinning to unskilled factory work ○ Often single women and widows working ○ Domestic servant was a desirable job ○ Often pay would be poor/inequal ■ Some had to supplement income with prostitution ● Once married they would more likely stay at home

Answer 25

● Once married all property was the man’s ○ No matter what class ○ Theft of a woman’s purse was stealing the husband’s property ○ Man and women were one, once married and a woman’s legal identity didn’t exist anymore ○ Inheritance was given to the eldest son ■ Sometimes women would obtain personal property with inheritance ● 1882 - Britain passes ‘Married Women’s Property Act’ ○ Created from women's discontent ○ Women given their legal title ○ Women could own and control propert

Answer 26

● Legally had to give obedience to their husband ● Divorce was difficult to get ○ Injury, cruelty, adultery would be grounds for divorce ■ Men less guilty of adultery than females ○ Divorce too expensive for women ● Custody issues were up to the man ● Contraceptive and abortion were illega

Answer 27

● Women were less educated than men ● Often only educated to be able to perform domestic tasks ● Mostly restricted from secondary and postsecondary schools ● Late 19th century sees a select few universities in England accepting females ○ 1878 - University of London ● Education would lead to traditional roles being thrown off ○ Who will take care of the kids? ● Elementary teacher is a role an educated women could receive ○ Law and Medicine were generally withheld from women

Answer 28

‘Declaration of the Rights of Women’ (1791) ● Wrote about the shortcomings of the revolution in terms of both sexes ● Declaration of the Rights of Man did not progress the female cause ● Killed during the reign of terror for treason

Answer 29

● ‘The Vindication of the Rights of Women’ (1792) ● Applied concepts of the revolution to women rather than that of men ● Woman should be educated as they educate their children ● There is value in the companionship they provide ● Women are not mere property ● No statements made about her want for out right equality

Answer 30

● ‘The subjection of Women’ (1869) ● Liberalism should expose inferior state of women ● Both sexes deserved the right to vote ● Challenged that women were not less intelligent or able than man ● Went against biological determinism ● Only half the population contributing to society was a hindrance to society

Answer 31

● Capitalism was the reason why women were subjected ● The rise of women at the time, was looked at as the rise of socialism

Answer 32

Suffragists ● Led moderate National Union of Women’s Suffrage Society ● Believed that change could happen by the use of parliament ● 1908- over half a million women protested for the franchise(right to vote)

Answer 33

Suffragettes ● Lead a more radical brand of feminism ● Founded Women’s Social and Political Union ● Lobbied publicly and privately for the right to vote ● 1910 - thought peaceful protest was going nowhere ● Started to use more violent tactics like arson, breaking windows, sabotage mailboxes Working class women were not particularly involved as they weren’t politically active

Answer 34

● 1918 Women over 30 receive the right to vote(Men over 21) ○ Due to the role women played during the war, decision makers began to accept the contribution that women bring to society ● 1928 - Women and Men obtain equal vote(in England)

Answer 35

▪ J.S. Mill “On Liberty” (1859) ▪ Greatest good for the greatest amount of people ▪ When can gov’t intervene? ▫ Believed in the Harm Principle ▫ If it harms someone else the gov’t can step in ▫ “The right to swing my arms in any direction ends where your nose begins.” ▪ Tyranny of the majority ▫ Major should concern itself with minority ▪ Ideas are only true if challenged

Answer 36

Charles Darwin ▪ Challenged traditional understandings of the way earth was created ▪ Evolutionary biology would also reshape peoples perspectives Social Darwinism ▪ Applied Darwin’s to that of society and races ▪ Economically it looked at those who were rich were more fit than those who weren’t (Thomas Malthus) ▪ Racially it was used to establish different races as superior to one another

Answer 37

▪ Reaction to romanticism ▪ Depicted life as it was - focus on reality ▪ Socially critical/commentary ▪ Mostly an art and literature based movement ▪ Focused on topics such as: ▫ Working class ▫ Violence ▫ Alcoholism ▪ Centered out of France

Answer 38

▪ Largely political ideology ▪ Promotes a stateless society ▪ The state is considered harmful ▪ Abolition of Gov’t ▪ Extreme optimism about human nature ▪ Could either be an extreme individualist or a complete collectivist ▪ 19th century aligned with Marx, but wanted no central state

Answer 39

▪ Progression from modernism ▪ High degrees of Skepticism towards society ▪ Deconstruction of societal norms ▪ Questioning of status-quo ▪ Current political structures are repressive ▪ Challenges realist or liberal notion

Answer 40

▪ Common language, culture & history created sense of national identity ▪ Divisive & dangerous force in multi-ethnic empires ▫ Metternich opposed to self-determination ▫ Often went hand in hand with liberalism and radical republicanism ▪ German & Italian Unification fueled by Nationalism ▪ One motive for independence movements in Latin America, Greece, Belgium & Serbia