Unit 1

Question 1

What is the primary focus of basic research?

Answer 1

To find out how and why people behave as they do

Basic research aims to enhance understanding of human behavior rather than directly addressing practical problems.

Question 2

What do researchers in basic research compare?

Answer 2

Effectiveness of different treatments

This comparison helps in understanding the underlying mechanisms of behavior.

Question 3

Who typically conducts basic research?

Answer 3

Institutional researchers

These researchers often work in academic or institutional settings.

Question 4

What is the primary focus of Applied Psychology?

Answer 4

Use the knowledge gained from research to help people function more effectively or in healthier manner

Applied psychology emphasizes practical applications of psychological principles.

Question 5

What areas do Clinical Psychologists specialize in?

Answer 5

Child mental health, adult mental health, learning disabilities, geriatrics, and General Health

Clinical psychologists address a wide range of psychological issues across different age groups.

Question 6

What psychological problems do Clinical Psychologists help with?

Answer 6

Anxiety, depression, and psychological disorders such as schizophrenia

They provide therapeutic interventions for various mental health issues.

Question 7

Where do Clinical Psychologists typically work?

Answer 7

Hospitals, university clinics, and private practices

These environments allow clinical psychologists to provide assessments and therapy.

Question 8

True or False: Clinical Psychologists can work with psychiatrists.

Answer 8

True

Collaboration between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists can enhance patient care.

Question 9

What is the primary role of Counseling Psychology?

Answer 9

Help people deal with personal adjustment issues

Counseling psychologists work in various settings including businesses, colleges, and testing centers.

Question 10

In what settings do Counseling Psychologists typically work?

Answer 10

Businesses, colleges, and testing centers

Their work is similar to that of clinical psychologists.

Question 11

What is the main focus of School Psychology?

Answer 11

Identify and help students with problems that interfere with their learning

They also address peer group, family issues, and learning disorders.

Question 12

Where do School Psychologists primarily work?

Answer 12

School districts

They focus on students’ educational and psychological needs.

Question 13

What is the focus of Educational Psychology?

Answer 13

Help students learn through course planning and instructional methods

They may also design standardized tests and evaluate test items.

Question 14

Which organizations do Educational Psychologists work for?

Answer 14

State educational organizations and school districts

Their research centers on psychological factors affecting learning.

Question 15

What psychological factors do Educational Psychologists research regarding learning?

Answer 15

Motivation, emotions, creativity, intelligence, cultural factors, instructional methods

These factors influence how learning occurs in the classroom.

Question 16

True or False: Counseling Psychology and Clinical Psychology have very different practice strategies.

Answer 16

False

They are very similar in practice strategies.

Question 17

What does Developmental Psychology specialize in?

Answer 17

Adolescents and changes throughout a person’s life span

Changes include physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects.

Question 18

What are the main focuses of Developmental Psychology?

Answer 18

Sort the influences of heredity and environment on development

They study changes throughout the entire life span.

Question 19

Where do Developmental Psychologists typically work?

Answer 19

Colleges, universities, and hospitals

Their work often involves studying various life stages.

Question 20

What is the primary focus of Personality Psychology?

Answer 20

Identify human characteristics or traits

This helps in understanding individual differences.

Question 21

What aspects do Personality Psychologists study?

Answer 21

Shyness, friendliness, anxiety, aggression, gender roles

They focus on how various parts of a person come together as a whole.

Question 22

Where do Personality Psychologists usually work?

Answer 22

Universities, colleges, human resources, and corporations

Their work often involves understanding individual differences.

Question 23

What is the main focus of Social Psychology?

Answer 23

Understanding behavior in social situations

It examines the impact of external factors on social behavior.

Question 24

What topics do Social Psychologists study?

Answer 24

Conformity, group behavior, attraction, prejudice, discrimination, hostile and humane situations

They investigate how social contexts influence behavior.

Question 25

Where do Social Psychologists typically work?

Answer 25

Colleges and universities ## Footnote Their research often informs social policies.

Question 26

What is the purpose of Experimental Psychology?

Answer 26

To prove or disprove a hypothesis through experimentation ## Footnote This involves studying a wide range of behavioral topics.

Question 27

What is the focus of experimental psychology?

Answer 27

A wide range of behavioral topics among humans and animals, including sensation, perception, attention, memory, cognition, and emotion.

Question 28

Where do experimental psychologists typically work?

Answer 28

Colleges, universities, government agencies, research centers, and non-profits.

Question 29

True or False: Only specialized psychologists can conduct experimental research.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Fill in the blank: Experimental psychology studies include _______ and emotion.

Answer 30

cognition

Question 31

What is often done with the research conducted in experimental psychology?

Answer 31

It is often later applied by other psychologists.

Question 32

List three topics studied in experimental psychology.

Answer 32

* Sensation * Perception * Memory

Question 33

What is a theory?

Answer 33

An explanation for a phenomenon based on careful and precise observations. ## Footnote Theories are often supported by a body of evidence and can be tested through research.

Question 34

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 34

A predication about future behaviors that is based on observation/theories. ## Footnote Hypotheses are typically formulated before research is conducted and can be tested through experimentation.

Question 35

What is reliability in the context of research?

Answer 35

The degree to which a scale produces consistent results when repeated measurements are made. ## Footnote High reliability indicates that the results of a study can be trusted to be consistent across different trials.

Question 36

What are the steps psychologists follow to conduct research?

Answer 36

1. Form research question 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4. Analyze the results 5. Draw conclusions ## Footnote Research leads to new research questions and findings should replicate.

Question 37

Define hypothesis.

Answer 37

An educated guess about future behaviors based on observation or theories. ## Footnote Hypothesis is often formulated after the research question.

Question 38

What does validity imply in research?

Answer 38

The extent to which the research instrument measures what it is intended to measure.

Question 39

Define reliability in the context of research.

Answer 39

The degree to which a scale produces consistent results when repeated measurements are made.

Question 40

Why are experiments used in research?

Answer 40

To answer questions about cause and effect.

Question 41

What is an independent variable?

Answer 41

The factor that the researcher manipulates to determine its effect.

Question 42

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 42

The factor that is being measured that may or may not change when the independent variable is changed.

Question 43

What is the difference between the experimental group and the control group?

Answer 43

Experimental group receives the treatment; control group does not receive the treatment.

Question 44

What is a placebo?

Answer 44

A substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person’s belief in its effect.

Question 45

Define the placebo effect.

Answer 45

A change in a participant’s illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect rather than the actual treatment.

Question 46

What are single-blinded studies?

Answer 46

Studies where participants do not know if they are in the experimental group or the control group.

Question 47

Why are double-blinded studies used?

Answer 47

To diminish the effects of researcher bias concerning the effectiveness of the treatment.

Question 48

What is the main difference between correlation studies and experimental studies?

Answer 48

Correlation studies look for associations among naturally occurring variables, while experimental studies introduce a change and monitor its effects.

Question 49

What is a survey in research methods?

Answer 49

A method where people are asked to respond directly to a series of questions about a particular subject.

Question 50

What is a random sample?

Answer 50

The selection of survey participants randomly from the target population.

Question 51

Define stratified sample.

Answer 51

A sample that ensures every subgroup in the population is represented proportionately.

Question 52

What is a case study?

Answer 52

An in-depth research method involving an intensive investigation of one or more subjects.

Question 53

What are observational methods?

Answer 53

Methods that involve observing the behavior of people or animals in their natural habitats or in a controlled setting.

Question 54

What is descriptive statistics?

Answer 54

The listing and summarizing of data into a practical, efficient way such as through graphs and averages.

Question 55

What does central tendency describe?

Answer 55

Something about the 'average' score of a distribution.

Question 56

What is inferential statistics?

Answer 56

Statistics that help researchers determine whether their data supports their hypothesis or if results are due to chance.

Question 57

What is the moral and ethical responsibility of a researcher?

Answer 57

To weigh the potential benefits of a study against the fair and humane treatment of participants.

Question 58

What are some areas of focus in ethical research?

Answer 58

* Harm Avoidance * Fairness and Deception * Confidentiality * Animal Research ## Footnote The American Psychological Association emphasizes participants' welfare over societal gain.