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BIOL 3420 > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

how many neurons in ANS?

A

2

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2
Q

where does the preg of ANS go from?

A

cell body in brain stem or spinal cord

axon goes to ganglion (outside CNS) and synapses

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3
Q

where does postg go from?

A

cell body in ganglion

extends to target

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4
Q

is preg myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated

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5
Q

is postg myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

unmyelinated

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6
Q

what types of neurotransmitters are in ANS?

A

ACh and NE

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7
Q

what type of effect does ANS have on target cells?

A

excitatory or inhibitory

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8
Q

where do pathways begin in symp?

A

thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord axon goes

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9
Q

where are symp preg cell bodies located?

A

lateral horns (and near gray matter of spinal cord)

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10
Q

how do symp preg axons exit spinal cord?

A

via spinal nerves

nerve cords can ascend and descend

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11
Q

pattern from preg to target

A

1- preg cell body in lateral horn
2- myelinated axons pass out ventral/anterior root
3- axon travels short distance in spinal nerve
4- axon leaves nerve and travels to symp ganglion via white communicating ramus
5- synapse with postg in ganglion
6- postg axon leaves ganglion via gray communicating ramus
7- postg returns to spinal nerve
8- postg goes to target

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12
Q

3 courses preg may follow after entering symp chain

A

1- spinal nerve route
2- sympathetic nerve route
3- sphlanic nerve route

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13
Q

symp spinal nerve route

A

preg end in ganglion they enter and synapse immediately with postg

postg exit ganglion via gray ramus, go to spinal cord, and travel to target

done by most sweat glands, arrector muscles, and blood vessels

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14
Q

symp nerve route

A

preg travel up/down chain and synapse at other levels

postg leave via sympathetic nerves that reach heart, lungs, esophagus, thoracic blood vessels

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15
Q

symp sphlanic nerve route

A

preg pass through chain without synapsing and continue to sphlanic nerves along vertebral column

sphlanic nerves lead to second set of ganglia called collateral ganglia and synapse there

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16
Q

para preg cell bodies location

A

cranium (brain) and sacrum region of spinal cord

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17
Q

where are terminal ganglia?

A

in or near target organization

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18
Q

does para have more or less neural divergence than symp?

A

less

and less selective in its stimulation of targets

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19
Q

what are the 4 cranial nerves that fibers leave brain stem through?

A

1- oculomotor nerve CN III
2- facial nerve CN VII
3- glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
4- vagus nerve CN X

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20
Q

what types of neurotransmitters and receptors does para have?

A

preg neurotransmitter: ACh
postg receptor: nicotinic
postg neurotransmitter: ACh
target receptor: muscarinic

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21
Q

what types of neurotransmitters and receptors do most symp have?

A

preg neurotransmitter: ACh
postg receptor: nicotinic
postg neurotransmitter: NE
target receptor: adrenergic alpha or beta

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22
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

receive ACh

types: nicotinic and muscarinic

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23
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

receive NE

types: alpha and beta

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24
Q

3 places to find symp postg cell bodies

A

symp chain ganglia
collateral ganglia
adrenal medulla

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25
symp above diaphragm
postg fibers begin in chain ganglia collateral ganglia
26
symp below diaphragm
postg fibers begin in collateral ganglia
27
are nicotinic receptors stimulatory, inhibitory, or either?
stimulatory
28
are muscarinic receptors stimulatory, inhibitory, or either?
either
29
alpha receptors
a1- widespread, generally stimulatory a2- generally inhibitory, presynaptic
30
beta receptors
b1- heart, kidneys, liver, adipose b2- smooth muscle tissue (blood vessels, lungs, bronchi, intestine) b3- adipose tissue
31
symp with postg neurotransmitter ACh and target muscarinic receptors is found where?
sweat gland cells
32
paracrine mechanism
chemical released from cell and target cell is close to releasing cell
33
autocrine mechanism
chemical released from a cell and goes to receptors on same exact cell
34
up-regulation
increase in number and sensitivity of target cell happens when hormone is scarce
35
down-regulation
decrease in number and sensitivity of receptors at target makes sure there is not an excessive or dangerous response
36
examples of chemicals that are both neurotransmitters and hormones
norepinephrine dopamine antidiuretic hormone
37
what is the pitu made of and how is it connected to hypo?
made of glandular tissue linked to hypo by hypophyseal portal system
38
hypophyseal portal system
1- artery to primary capillaries in hypo 2- primary capillaries to portal vein/venule 3- portal vein/venule to secondary capillaries in anterior 4- secondary capillaries to vein
39
how does hypo control anterior?
by secreting hormones into primary capillaries and hormones diffusing out secondary capillaries
40
what is posterior made of and how is it connected to hypo?
made of nervous/brain tissue (not a true gland) stalk from hypo is part of posterior
41
how are posterior hormones made?
made by neuroendocrine cells in hypo made in cell bodies and move down axons in stalk to posterior bulb hormones stored as nerve endings until nerve signal triggers release
42
HYPO hormones that regulate anterior
TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone CRH corticotropin releasing hormone GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone PIH prolactin somatostatin The Cool Girl Goes Prowling Sometimes
43
TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone
promotores secretion of TSH thyroid stimulating hormone (and PRL prolactin)
44
CRH corticotropin releasing hormone
promotes secretion of ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
45
GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone
promotes excretion of FSH follicle stimulating hormone and LH lutenizing hormone
46
PIH prolactin inhibiting hormone
inhibits secretion of PRL prolactin PIH is DOPAMINE
47
somatostatin/GHIH growth hormone inhibiting hormone
inhibits secretion of GH growth hormone and TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
48
posterior pitu hormones
OT oxytocin ADH antidiuretic hormone
49
ADH antidiuretic hormone
target: kidneys effects: water retention
50
OT oxytocin
target: uterus, mammary glands effects: labor contractions, milk release; possibly ejaculation, sperm transport, sexual affection, mother-infant bonding
51
anterior pitu hormones
FSH follicle stimulating hormone LH lutenizing hormone TSH thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone PRL prolactin GH growth hormone
52
FSH follicle stimulating hormone
target: ovaries, testes effects: female- growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen; male- sperm production gonadotropic cells
53
LH lutenizing hormone
target: ovaries, testes effects: female- ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum; male- testosterone secretion gonadotropic cells
54
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
target: thyroid gland effects: growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone thyrotropic cells
55
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
target: adrenal cortex effects: growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids corticotropic cells
56
PRL prolactin
target: mammary glands effects: milk synthesis prolactin cells
57
GH growth hormone
target: bone, muscle, cartilage, liver, fat effects: widespread tissue growth, especially in stated tissues somatotropic cells
58
list process from hypo to ultimate effect
1- hypo secretes releasing hormone 2- induces pitu to secrete hormone 3- pitu hormone targets different endo gland 4- endo gland secretes hormone with its own effect
59
what type of feedback system does the endo system have?
negative feedback inhibition
60
list negative feedback inhibition process
1- pitu stimulates another endo gland to secrete hormone 2- hormone feeds back to pitu OR hypo and inhibits further secretion of pitu AND hypo hormone
61
anterior pitu 2 cell types
acidophils basophils
62
what do acidophils produce?
PRL/PL prolactin (from lactotrophs) GH growth hormone (from somatotrophs)
63
what do basophils produce?
FSH follicle stimulating hormone and LH lutenizing hormone (from gonadotrophs) ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone (from corticotrophs) TSH thyroid stimulating hormone (from thyrotrophs)
64
lipid soluble hormones
steroid hormones (aldosterone) thyroid hormones (T3 triiodothyronine)
65
water soluble hormones
amines (NE) peptides and proteins (oxytocin) eicosanoids (leukotriene LTB4)
66
water soluble hormone process
1- hormone binds to receptor and activates G protein 2- G protein activates adenulate cyclase enzyme 3- adenylate cyclase produces cAMP 4- cAMP activates protein kinases enzyme 5- protein kinase adds phosphate group to protein/enzyme 6- activated enzymes cause metabolic effects single hormone can activate lots of cAMP (second messenger)
67
net result of water soluble hormone mechanism
phosphorylation proteins
68
when does biochemical cascade of water soluble hormone mechanism stop?
when cAMP is broken down by phosphodiatrase
69
lipid soluble hormone mechanism
1- hormone diffuses across plasma membrane; was transported through blood via water soluble protein 2- binds either to cytosol or nucleus 3- activated receptor-hormone complex interacts directly with DNA and alters gene experession 4- initiated transcription and mRNA produced leaves nucleus 5- mRNA translated into new proteins

BIOL 3420 (14 decks)

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