Unit 1

Question 1

What is a group?

bold

Answer 1

A minimum of 2 people who share time and space

(collection of individuals occupying the same space)

Question 2

What does a social group refer to?

underlined AND bold

Answer 2

a set of individuals who are not only together but who interact with one another in a meaningful way, share common goals, and feel a sense of belonging

Question 3

What are the 3 key elements of a social group?

Italics

Answer 3

• Social interaction
• common goals
• sense of belonging

-> all of it has to be fulfilled

Question 4

What is Social interaction?

What does it form?

italics

Answer 4

an actual physical proximity begins to form a web of familiarity

Question 5

Social Interaction

What is Proximity?

underlined

Answer 5

distance but together
-> we are in same space, we learn about people and become familiar with them

Question 6

Social interaction

What happens in familiarity?

Answer 6

individuals interact with people they encounter frequently and become familiar with their habits, likes and dislikes

Question 7

Social interaction

What is the “mere exposure effect”?

Answer 7

people tend to feel more comfortable around those they see regularly

Question 8

What do Common goals refer to?

italics

Answer 8

people are drawn together not just by coincidence but by a mutual objective that aligns their actions, expectations, and motivations

Question 9

Common goals

What does a common goal entail for the group?

Answer 9

a psychological contract among the members
-> an understanding that they are working together toward something meaningful

underlined

Question 10

Common goals

What is particularly interesting in how common goals affect people in groups?

Answer 10

how the groups tend to self-select based on shared values and interest

Question 11

Common goals

What are people naturally inclined to?

What does it explain?

Answer 11

to associate with those who see the world in a similar way
-> explains why ideological, professional or social groups oten develop strong bonds

Question 12

Common goals

What do we seek consciously or unconsciously?

What is it known as?

underlined

Answer 12

confirmation, validation and reinforcement from those who align with out perspectives
-> known as similarity

Question 13

What is a sense of belonging?

italics

Answer 13

perhaps the most essential feature

Question 14

Sense of belonging

when can a group not thrive even if it has frequent interactions and clear objectives?

bold

Answer 14

when the members do not feel like they are truly part of something bigger than themselves

Question 15

Sense of belonging

What is the sense of belonging?

Answer 15

deeply emotional
-> difference between feeling like an outsider and feeling at home

Question 16

Sense of belonging

What does the feeling of unity creates?

Answer 16

loyalty, commitment, emotional investment

Question 17

Sense of belonging

What is the psychological term for the feeling of unity that creates loyalty, commitment and emotional investments?

underlined

Answer 17

entitativity

underlined

Question 18

Sense of belonging

What does entitativity refer to?

Answer 18

the extent to which a group is perceived as a single, cohesive entity rather than just a collection of individuals

Question 19

Explanation in class

What is entitativity?

Answer 19

the degree a group is perceived as cohesive, distinct and unified
-> how much do we belong to a group

-> exam: entitativity is based on…
explainable through members and observers (has to be both)

Question 20

Sense of belonging

What does entitativity lead to in group dynamics?

Answer 20

to intense connections of an individual to their group, sometimes even prioritizing it over the personal interest of the individual
-> e.g.: military units, fraternities or religious communities

Question 21

Sense of belonging

what happens if people feel alienated or disconnected from a group?

Answer 21

their motivation to participate declines and they may eventually leave
-> lack of belonging weakens the group structure

Question 22

What can the history of group psychology be tracked back to (before it was recognized as a science?

Answer 22

philosophy

Question 23

history of group psychology

who debated fundamental ideas framed within politics and governance about society?

bold

Answer 23

philosophers such as Plato and Aritotle

Question 24

history of group psychology

What did Plato explore in The Republic?

italics

Answer 24

the idea of a structured society in which individuals performed roles based on their abilities

Question 25

# history of group psychology What did Plato emphasize in *The Republic*? ## Footnote italics

Answer 25

collective harmony over individual desires

Question 26

# history of group psychology How did Aristotle viewed humans? | what did he argue?

Answer 26

as "political animals" -> argued that social groups are essential for human flourishing

Question 27

# history of group psychology Who were 3 big thinkers during the enlightenment (17th - 18th centuries)? ## Footnote bold

Answer 27

**John Locke**, **Jean-Jacques Rousseau** and **Thomas Hobbes**

Question 28

# history of group psychology What did the 3 main thinkers during the enlightenment debate?

Answer 28

fundamental questions: -> are people naturally good or evil? What role do social contracts play in maintaining order? And how do groups influence cooperation, power, and governance?

Question 29

# history of group psychology What did Thomas Hobbes argue about human life would be without social structures?

Answer 29

solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short

Question 30

# History of group psychology What did Thomas Hobbes advocate for?

Answer 30

strong governance to regulate societal interactions

Question 31

# History of group psychology What did Jean-Jacques Rosseau believe about individuals?

Answer 31

that they are naturally good but corrupted by civilization

Question 32

# History of group psychology When was the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 32

18th - 19th centuries

Question 33

# History of group psychology What did the Industrial Revolution transform? | What did those changes spark?

Answer 33

social organization, introducing factories, urban communities, and large-scale institutions -> sparked new questions about how people adapted to group-based work environments and how industrialization influenced social cohesion

Question 34

# History of group psychology What remained discussions about group behavior until the mid-19th century largely?

Answer 34

philosophical and sociological

Question 35

# History of group psychology When did researchers begin to quantify and systematically analyse the influence of groups on individual behavior?

Answer 35

as psychology transitioned into a more experimental discipline

Question 36

# The group fallacy Who published *The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1895)*?

Answer 36

Gustave Le Bon ## Footnote Bold

Question 37

# The group fallacy What did Gustave Le Bon argue in The Crowd?

Answer 37

that individuals behave differently when they are part of a crowd, experiencing a loss of personal responsibility and heightened emotional responses

Question 38

# The group fallacy What did Gustave Le Bon introduce with the loss of personal responsibilty observed in crowds?

Answer 38

the concept of deindividuation

Question 39

# The group fallacy What did Gustave Le Bon's ideas become?

Answer 39

foundational in understanding **crowd psychology** -> crowds take on a life of their own, capable of influencing individuals to act irrationally, emotionally and sometimes destructively ## Footnote underlined

Question 40

# Crowd psychology What did Gustave Le Bon's theory implied?

Answer 40

that people within a group surrender to a "group mind", a collective consciousness

Question 41

# Crowd psychology What did Gustave Le Bon's "group mind", the collective consciousness became known as?

Answer 41

the **group fallacy** ## Footnote bold

Question 42

# The group fallacy Who challenged and refined Gustave Le Bon's ideas in the early 20th century?

Answer 42

Floyd Allport (1924)

Question 43

# History of group psychology What did Floyd Allport argue?

Answer 43

that group behavior is simply the sum of individual actions, not that the group could think, feel or act as a unit

Question 44

# History of group psychology What did Floyd demonstrate in terms of group behavior being the sum of individual actions?

Answer 44

that even in smaller groups, or merely in the presence of others, an individual's behavior, decisions and performance could change

Question 45

# History of group psychology What laid the foundation for later research, which then shifted the discipline from philosophical speculation to empirical science? | Who was responsible?

Answer 45

Floyd Allport's insistence on studying measurable individual behaviors within a social context | -> reason why he is credited with revolutionizing social psychology

Question 46

# History of group psychology Who was widely regarded as the father of modern social psychology?

Answer 46

Kurt Lewin ## Footnote bold

Question 47

# History of group psychology What did Kurt Lewin do? ## Footnote he was...

Answer 47

he was instrumental in studying leadership styles and decision-making

Question 48

# History of group psychology What did Kurt Lewin argue about human behavior?

Answer 48

it cannot be fully understood without considering the social environment in which it occurs and so proposed that psychology should not only study behavior but also seek practical solutions for social problems

Question 49

# History of group psychology What are the three different types of authority in modern leadership revealed in Kurt Lewin's experiments?

Answer 49

- Autocratic: fostering obedience, resentment and dependency - Democratic: encouraging participation and creativity - Laissez-faire: lack of structure, inefficiency and disengagement

Question 50

What was the origin of Solomon Asch Conformity Experiments?

Answer 50

the shocking reality that ordinary people participated in atrocities during second world war

Question 51

What experiment did Solomon Asch conduct?

Answer 51

The Asch Conformity Experiments -> comparing the length of lines on a chart

Question 52

What study did Stanley Milram design?

Answer 52

a controversial experiment to study obedience to authority -> electroshocks up to 450 volts (110V to 240V can lead to death), shocks began at 15V

Question 53

# Milgram's Obedience Experiment When did Mr. Wallace start complaining about the pain?

Answer 53

after 120V -> at 150V he cried -> at 300V he began banging on the wall -> at 330V only silence

Question 54

# Milgram's Obedience Experiment How many percent of the participants continued all the way to 450 volts even after Mr. Wallace had stopped responding entirely?

Answer 54

65%

Question 55

# Group dynamics What does the term "dynamics" in group dynamics hints as?

Answer 55

as the constant movement and energy within groups -> much like the push and pull of unseen forces

Question 56

# Group dynamics What is Socialization? ## Footnote underlined

Answer 56

the process by which individuals learn and internalize the norms, roles, and behaviors expected in a group

Question 57

# Group Dynamics What is every group operating and forming within an environment known as?

Answer 57

the **social world ** ## Footnote bold

Question 58

# Group Dynamics What do we refer to with the term **social world**? ## Footnote bold

Answer 58

to any social structure, cultural norms and collective expectations that evolve with societal changes -> a constant shifting

Question 59

# Group Dynamics What is an example for the constant shifting of group dynamics nowadays?

Answer 59

change over past decade with the rise of technology and online learning

Question 60

# Group Dynamics What does **Social cognition** represensts? ## Footnote bold

Answer 60

the way individuals perceive, interpret and respond to the social world

Question 61

# Group Dynamics what does *Cognition* involve? ## Footnote italic

Answer 61

the mental processes we use to acquire, store and process information

Question 62

# Group Dynamics What is Cognition a consequence of? | where is it particularly present?

Answer 62

something we call **social perception** or the process of forming impressions of and making inferences about others -> particularly representative of situations where you meet someone for the first time ## Footnote bold

Question 63

# Group Dynamics Is the way we form our impressions of situations always accurate?

Answer 63

no

Question 64

# Group Dynamics What is a **stereotype**? ## Footnote bold

Answer 64

a generalized belief or assumption about groups of people

Question 65

# Group Dynamics What do stereotypes serve as?

Answer 65

mental shortcuts -> helping us make sense of the world quickly

Question 66

# Group Dynamics Are stereotypes negative, positive or neutral?

Answer 66

they can be all -> but rarely reflect the full complexity of individual behavior

Question 67

# Group Dynamics What influences do stereotypes have on our perception?

Answer 67

they shape the way we see the world

Question 68

# Group Dynamics What can stereotypes evolve into?

Answer 68

**prejudices** -> more harmful ## Footnote bold

Question 69

# Group Dynamics What do prejudices carry?

Answer 69

emotional weight -> involves negative feelings or attitudes towards a group

Question 70

# Group Dynamics Where do prejudices often come from?

Answer 70

they are often passed down from one generation to the next -> sometimes so subtly that we do not even notice the influence

Question 71

# Group Dynamics What happens when prejudices translate into actions?

Answer 71

they become discrimination

Question 72

# Group Dynamics What is **discrimination**? ## Footnote bold

Answer 72

the unfair treatment of people based on preconceived opinions

Question 73

# Group Dynamics Are people born prejudiced?

Answer 73

no - it is learned behavior (can be unlearned as well)