Unit 1

Question 1

What is nationalism?

Answer 1

Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts; an extreme form of patriotism marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries; advocacy of political independence for a particular country.

Question 2

What are the key differences between a nation and a country?

Answer 2

A nation is a group of people with a sense of belonging due to shared factors, while a country is a geographic area with borders recognized by other countries.

Question 3

What does ultranationalism entail?

Answer 3

An extreme form of nationalism characterized by the belief in the superiority of one’s nation over others.

Question 4

What is the significance of national myths?

Answer 4

Traditional stories that help to explain national identity and unify people.

Question 5

Name two examples of national myths.

Answer 5

• Vimy Ridge - Canada
• Battle of Britain - Britain

Question 6

Fill in the blank: Nationalism relates to who we are and affects our _______.

Answer 6

[identity]

Question 7

What factors contribute to national identity?

Answer 7

• Language
• Ethnicity
• Religion
• Geography
• Land
• Spirituality
• Politics

Question 8

What is a civic nation?

Answer 8

A nation that is defined by shared citizenship and political principles rather than ethnicity or culture.

Question 9

Should groups in Canada embrace a National Identity?

Answer 9

This is a question posed for discussion and reflection.

Question 10

What is the relationship between nationalism and national interest?

Answer 10

Nationalism often drives nations to pursue their own interests.

Question 11

True or False: A nation may not be a country.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

How does nationalism relate to political independence?

Answer 12

Nationalism advocates for the political independence of a particular country.

Question 13

What does it mean for a group to want to control their destiny?

Answer 13

It means that the group desires to govern themselves and make decisions about their future, but may face obstacles due to being part of a larger country.

Question 14

What is the role of geography in defining a nation?

Answer 14

Geography provides the physical borders that define a country, but a nation may extend beyond these borders.

Question 15

What is the importance of brainstorming national identity factors?

Answer 15

It helps individuals articulate their understanding of what constitutes their national identity.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: A nation may be a country or a group within or _______.

Answer 16

[crossing borders]

Question 17

What significant event took place in France between 1789 and 1799?

Answer 17

The French Revolution

It overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, and ended with a military coup.

Question 18

What ideals were brought to life in Europe during the French Revolution?

Answer 18

Equality, freedom, and democracy

These ideals served as the basis for reform movements in the 19th century.

Question 19

What period is referred to as the Age of Absolutism?

Answer 19

1600 to 1800

Monarchs exercised complete authority without sharing power.

Question 20

What is the Divine Right of Kings?

Answer 20

The belief that monarchs are appointed by God and accountable only to Him

This concept justified absolute monarchy.

Question 21

Who is often identified as one of the first absolutist rulers?

Answer 21

James I of England

He clashed with Parliament and wrote about the Divine Right of Kings.

Question 22

What was the ancien régime?

Answer 22

The social and political system in France before the Revolution

It lasted over 130 years and had just two rulers.

Question 23

Who was the epitome of an absolutist ruler in France?

Answer 23

King Louis XIV

His reign lasted from 1643 to 1715.

Question 24

What major conflict did Louis XV involve France in, increasing its debt?

Answer 24

The Seven Years’ War

This war had global implications and was known as the French and Indian War in North America.

Question 25

What were the three estates in French society?

Answer 25

First Estate: Church, Second Estate: Nobility, Third Estate: Common people ## Footnote The Third Estate included peasants and was the most populous.

Question 26

What was the Estates General?

Answer 26

A nominal parliament in France established in 1602 ## Footnote It did not meet from 1614 until 1789.

Question 27

What led to widespread crop failures in the 1780s in France?

Answer 27

Bad weather ## Footnote This resulted in grain shortages and high bread prices.

Question 28

What was the Enlightenment?

Answer 28

A period of intellectual development focusing on society, government, and philosophy ## Footnote It promoted concepts of liberty, equality, and democracy.

Question 29

What is the social contract?

Answer 29

The theory that a ruler governs at the consent of the governed ## Footnote If unjust, the people have the right to replace that ruler.

Question 30

What role did France play in the American Revolution?

Answer 30

France supported the colonies against Britain ## Footnote They provided troops, ships, and financial aid.

Question 31

What was the financial impact of France's support for the American Revolution?

Answer 31

It worsened France's financial situation ## Footnote The government was close to bankruptcy by the late 1780s.

Question 32

Who was Jacques Necker?

Answer 32

King Louis XVI’s Finance Minister ## Footnote He proposed a new tax on property to alleviate financial burdens.

Question 33

What was the outcome of the Estates General meeting in 1789?

Answer 33

A controversy over voting rights ## Footnote The Third Estate wanted votes per delegate rather than per estate.

Question 34

What did the Third Estate declare itself during the Estates General?

Answer 34

The National Assembly ## Footnote They claimed to be France’s true representative body.

Question 35

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

Answer 35

A vow by the National Assembly not to disband until a constitution was established ## Footnote It gained popularity among the working class.

Question 36

What event marked the beginning of the French Revolution?

Answer 36

The fall of the Bastille ## Footnote It symbolized the end of royal authority.

Question 37

What significant action did the National Assembly take on August 4th?

Answer 37

Abolished feudal privileges ## Footnote This made all French citizens equal before the law.

Question 38

What document set forth the ideals of the French Revolution?

Answer 38

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ## Footnote Adopted on August 27, 1789.

Question 39

What key principles were outlined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

Answer 39

Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression ## Footnote It emphasized the sovereignty of the nation.

Question 40

What did the National Assembly do regarding church property?

Answer 40

Nationalized all church property ## Footnote This was part of efforts to stabilize the economy.

Question 41

What happened to Louis XVI when he attempted to flee France?

Answer 41

He was caught at Varennes ## Footnote This discredited him further in the eyes of the public.

Question 42

What did the Declaration of Pillnitz signify?

Answer 42

European monarchs' willingness to intervene in France ## Footnote This was to protect the French royal family.

Question 43

What was the outcome of the National Assembly's constitution in September 1791?

Answer 43

It removed most of the king's powers ## Footnote A new Legislative Assembly was established.

Question 44

What was the outcome of the National Assembly's work in September 1791?

Answer 44

The National Assembly produced a constitution that removed most of the king’s powers and established a new Legislative Assembly.

Question 45

What problems remained unresolved after the 1791 constitution was established?

Answer 45

The national debt and food shortages.

Question 46

Who were the sans-culottes?

Answer 46

Radical wage-earners and shopkeepers in Paris who wanted more influence on the government.

Question 47

What did the radicals in the Legislative Assembly want?

Answer 47

To make further changes that would give more power to the people.

Question 48

What was the War of the First Coalition?

Answer 48

A conflict in which France declared war on Austria and was later joined by Prussia, Great Britain, Holland, and Spain.

Question 49

What was the levee en masse?

Answer 49

A draft instituted by the National Convention for conscription of all able-bodied men between 18 and 25.

Question 50

What did the National Convention officially declare after removing the King?

Answer 50

France was declared a republic.

Question 51

What was the Revolutionary Calendar?

Answer 51

A new calendar adopted by the National Convention, labeling the year 1792 as Year 1.

Question 52

What were the two main factions in the National Convention?

Answer 52

Jacobin clubs and Girondins.

Question 53

Who were the most radical Jacobins known as?

Answer 53

The Mountain.

Question 54

What was Jean-Paul Marat known for?

Answer 54

Being a prominent Jacobin leader who advocated for the elimination of enemies of the Revolution.

Question 55

How did Charlotte Corday impact the Revolution?

Answer 55

She assassinated Jean-Paul Marat, leading to increased tensions between factions.

Question 56

What did Maximilien Robespierre symbolize during the Revolution?

Answer 56

The fanaticism of the French Revolution and the enforcement of its ideals.

Question 57

What was the guillotine proposed for?

Answer 57

To be a more humane and democratic method of execution.

Question 58

What event marked the beginning of the Reign of Terror?

Answer 58

The execution of King Louis XVI.

Question 59

What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Safety?

Answer 59

To safeguard the revolution and manage the war and internal uprisings.

Question 60

What was the Reign of Terror characterized by?

Answer 60

A series of purges where nearly 40,000 people were executed.

Question 61

What was the Thermidorean Reaction?

Answer 61

The overthrow of Robespierre and the dismantling of the Committee of Public Safety.

Question 62

What new government was established after the fall of Robespierre?

Answer 62

The Directory.

Question 63

What was the economic condition during the Directory's rule?

Answer 63

Marked by scandal, financial troubles, and political strife.

Question 64

Who was given command of French forces fighting the Austrians in Italy?

Answer 64

Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 65

What event led to Napoleon's rise to power?

Answer 65

His successful coup d'état on November 9, 1799, overthrowing the Directory.

Question 66

What did Napoleon crown himself as in 1804?

Answer 66

Emperor Napoleon I.

Question 67

What significant change did the French Revolution bring about in terms of governance?

Answer 67

It ended absolutism in France.

Question 68

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

Answer 68

An expression of Enlightenment ideals concerning freedom, equality, and rights.

Question 69

Fill in the blank: The __________ of the Committee of Public Safety was a period marked by mass executions of perceived enemies of the Revolution.

Answer 69

Reign of Terror

Question 70

True or False: The National Convention was formed before the execution of King Louis XVI.

Answer 70

True