Unit #1

Question 1

Function of the Arm/Base

Answer 1

To hold and carry the microscope

Question 2

Function of the Stage

Answer 2

To hold/Support the Slide

Question 3

Function of the Stage Clips

Answer 3

To hold slide in place

Question 4

Function of the Light Source

Answer 4

To illuminate light on the specimen

Question 5

Function of the Diaphragm

Answer 5

To control the amount of light entering the specimen

Question 6

Function of the Course Adjustment Knob

Answer 6

To bring specimen into sharp focus

Question 7

Function of Body Tube

Answer 7

Supports the eyepiece

Question 8

Function of Objective lens

Answer 8

Magnifies the specimen

Question 9

Function of low power objective lens

Answer 9

Magnifies the specimen 4x

Question 9

Function of the Medium Power objective lens

Answer 9

Magnifies the specimen 10x

Question 10

Function of High Power objective lens

Answer 10

Magnifies the specimen 40x

Question 11

Calculate the magnification of a specimen if the ocular lens has a magnification of 10x, and you are viewing the slide using the 40x objective lens

Answer 11

(10x)(40x)= 400x

Question 12

Cell membrane

Answer 12

controls what enters and leaves the cell

Question 13

Cell Wall

Answer 13

Tough rigid outer boundary (cellulose)
(ONLY IN PLANTS)

Question 14

Cytoplasm

Answer 14

Fluid in the cell that the cell organelles are suspended in

Question 15

Ribosomes

Answer 15

make proteins

Question 16

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

Canals in the cytoplasm to transport materials
They make fats and steroids

Question 17

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 17

Canals with ribosomes that make proteins

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

Take in the vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 19

Lysosomes

Answer 19

Waste disposal and recycling unit of a cell
Break down food
(ONLY IN ANIMAL)

Question 20

Mitochondria

Answer 20

Power house of the cell
Produces energy

Question 21

Chloroplast

Answer 21

Membrane-bound sac where photosynthesis occurs
(ONLY IN PLANT)

Question 22

Vacuole

Answer 22

storage compartments
(looks like a jellybean)

Question 23

Nucleus

Answer 23

Control centre of the cell
It has DNA in chromosomes

Question 24

Cytoskeleton

Answer 24

Maintains the shape of cells Keeps organelles in place

Question 25

Cilia

Answer 25

Movement have fine hairs (ONLY IN ANIMAL)

Question 26

Flagella

Answer 26

Movement has a tail (ONLY IN ANIMAL)

Question 27

State three differences between plant and cells

Answer 27

Plant cell have a Chloroplast and Cell wall Animal cell has Cilia and Flagella Plant cell can perform photosynthesis

Question 28

Describe the molecules that make up the cell membrane?

Answer 28

Phospholipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Cholesterol

Question 29

Permeable

Answer 29

permeable membrane allows all substances to pass through it easily

Question 30

Semi-permeable

Answer 30

A semi-permeable membrane only allows some substances to pass through

Question 31

Impermeable

Answer 31

An impermeable membrane does not allow any substances to pass through it

Question 32

Diffusion

Answer 32

Diffusion is the process when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 33

Osmosis

Answer 33

Osmosis is a type of diffusion that where the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of low solute concentration (high water concentration) to an area of high solute concentration (low water concentration)

Question 34

Concentration Gradient

Answer 34

A concentration gradient is the change in the concentration of a substance across a space

Question 35

Active Transport

Answer 35

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) requiring energy (ATP).

Question 36

Endocytosis

Answer 36

The process by which cells take in substances by engulfing them in the cell membrane, forming a vesicle

Question 37

Exocytosis

Answer 37

The process by which cells release substances by vesicles fusing with the cell membrane, expelling the contents outside the cell

Question 38

Pinocytosis

Answer 38

Cell drinking (lipids)

Question 39

Phagocytosis

Answer 39

Cell eating (white blood cells and large bacteria)

Question 40

Polymer

Answer 40

A large molecule made up of repeating smaller units called monomers, which are chemically bonded

Question 41

Monomer

Answer 41

A small, basic unit or molecule that can join together with other monomers to form a polymer

Question 42

Proteins

Answer 42

Large molecules made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 43

Nucleic Acids

Answer 43

Large molecules made up of nucleotides. They store and transmit genetic information. The two main types are DNA which stores genetic information, and RNA which helps in protein synthesis

Question 44

Carbohydrates

Answer 44

Organic molecules made up of sugars like glucose. They provide energy and serve as structural components

Question 45

Lipids

Answer 45

Hydrophobic molecules made up of fatty acids and glycerol. They store energy, form cell membranes (e.g., phospholipids), and act as signalling molecules. Examples include fats, oils, and steroids

Question 46

Difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide

Answer 46

Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules Disaccharides are made of two monosaccharides Polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharides

Question 47

What are the monomers for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids?

Answer 47

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Lipids: Fatty acids and glycerol Proteins: Amino acids Nucleic acids: Nucleotides

Question 48

Describe a positive lab test for starch, proteins, glucose and lipids?

Answer 48

Starch (Iodine Test) Test: Add a few drops of iodine solution to the sample. Positive Result: The solution turns blue-black if starch is present. Proteins (Biuret Test) Test: Add Biuret reagent (sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate) to the sample. Positive Result: The solution turns purple if proteins are present. Glucose (Benedict’s Test) Test: Add Benedict’s reagent to the sample and heat it in a boiling water bath. Positive Result: The solution changes colour from blue to green, yellow, orange, or red depending on glucose concentration. Lipids (Sudan III Test) Test: Add Sudan III stain to the sample. Positive Result: The sample forms a red-stained layer or red spots if lipids are present.

Question 49

Write out the balanced equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 49

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (Oxygen) -> 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + ATP

Question 50

Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 50

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces much more energy (ATP) compared to anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen and produces far less energy. Anaerobic respiration is used in situations where oxygen is scarce or rapidly needed, but it is less efficient and leads to the production of byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol, which can accumulate and cause fatigue or other effects

Question 51

What is ATP and how does it provide energy for the cell?

Answer 51

ATP acts like a battery, storing energy when it is in its full form (ATP) and releasing energy when it breaks down into ADP and Pi, which powers cellular activities

Question 53

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 53

Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcoholic Fermentation