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history- Russia > Unit 1- 1855-1881 > Flashcards

Unit 1- 1855-1881 Flashcards

1
Q

what dates were until 1 between?

A

1855-1881

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2
Q

when did Alexander II become Tsar?

A

1855

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3
Q

how many of the population were peasants?

A

90%

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4
Q

how many of the peasants were serfs?

A

90%

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5
Q

what percentage of the population were nobility?

A

1%

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6
Q

when was the crimean war?

A

1853-1856

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7
Q

when did Alexander II emancipate the serfs?

A

1861

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8
Q

how many serfs were freed?

A

23 million

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9
Q

what did free serfs have to pay?

A

a redemption payment for 49 years at 7% interest

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10
Q

words to describe russias economy

A

•pre-industrial
•agricultural

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11
Q

how many km was it from east to west russia?

A

6000

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12
Q

how many km was it from north to south Russia?

A

3000

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13
Q

what was their main transportation mean?

A

along rivers (there were few roads/ railways)

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14
Q

where is russia being led from?

A

the west

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15
Q

russians make up how much of the population?

A

nearly half

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16
Q

where did the vast majority of russians live?

A

in western russia

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17
Q

diversity in russia

A

there was a huge diversity of culture, religion and language. it makes establishing authority harder due to culture and language barriers

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18
Q

russias population 1855-1881

A

about 70 million

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19
Q

who were the nobility?

A

•less than 1% of people
•owned nearly all the land
•often had serfs who worked their land
•kept order through judicial and administrative roles
•some of them wanted reform

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20
Q

the middle class at this time

A

there was no middle class as there was no industry, however a small number of businessmen were in big cities

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21
Q

what were the two groups of peasants?

A

•serfs (slaves)
•state peasants (free)

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22
Q

how did state peasants get their land?

A

they had to pay rent to farm land owned by the church and other higher powers

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23
Q

what were the rights of serfs like?

A

they were very poor. serfs were tied to landed nobility, they had no rights and provided labour, getting a small piece of land in return

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24
Q

what was the main church in russia?

A

the russian orthodox church

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25
Q

what percentage of the population were in the russian orthodox church?

A

70%

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26
Q

what was the relationship between the church and the Tsar?

A

the church supported the tsar, who they saw as God’s official on Earth

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27
Q

what was the power of the Tsar like?

A

•Tsar was an autocrat who believed he had been appointed by God
•The Tsar could rule without constraints

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28
Q

who advised the Tsar?

A

the imperial council (nobles)

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29
Q

how were the people strictly controlled under the Tsar?

A

there was severe censorship, punishments and a secret police (the Third section), whose job it was to root out opposition

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30
Q

why was the tsar’s strict rule bad for russia?

A

it led to stunted economic/ social growth and growing resentment

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31
Q

3 problems with russia in 1855

A

•economic problems
•risk of revolution
•serfdom

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32
Q

who was the war in crimea between?

A

russia, france and britain

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33
Q

who lost the Crimean war?

A

the russians were badly defeated (humiliating 😬)

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34
Q

why did the russians lose in crimea?

A

•outdated technology
•poor transport
•weak leadership

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35
Q

what were the impacts of the crimean war in russia?

A

•trade disrupted
•peasant uprisings
•renewed calls for reform

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36
Q

what year was the empancipation edict?

A

1861

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37
Q

what are the 4 reasons why Alexander II may have abolished serfdom?

A

•economy (they need a workforce to industrialise)
•moral (western europe had moved on from it a long time ago, slavery is wrong)
•risk of revolt (peasant revolts had been increasing since the 1840s)
•crimean war (serfs in the war underperformed because they were malnourished and badly trained)

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38
Q

what did Alexander II say about abolishing serfdom?

A

“It is better to abolish serfdom from above, than wait for a time when it starts to abolish itself from below”

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39
Q

how many peasant disturbances were there in 1861 alone?

A

1000

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40
Q

how did the peasants, nobles and intelligentsia react to the emancipatory edict?

A

•peasants felt cheated and their anger grew
•nobles we’re disgruntled over compensation and felt they were losing power and status
•intelligentsia felt like the peasants had been betrayed

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41
Q

how long did the emancipation edict take to implement?

A

two years

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42
Q

by 1881 how many peasants were still obligated to their lord?

A

15%

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43
Q

how was the emancipation edict actually bad for the peasants?

A

•they often got less land then they had previously worked
•peasants were still under control of the now strengthened Mir
•by 1878 only 50% of peasants were capable of producing a surplus beyond bare subsistence
•they had to buy land and pay redemption payments over 49 years at 7%

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44
Q

what group of peasants benefited from the emancipation edict?

A

the kulaks, they did well on the land and made some wealth

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45
Q

by 1878 what percentage of peasants were capable of producing a surplus beyond bare subsistence?

A

only 50%

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46
Q

who were the peasants still tightly controlled by?

A

The Mir (local council)

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47
Q

what did the Mir do?

A

they worked out who got what land and collected payments from the peasants, they were also in charge of issuing internal passports

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48
Q

how did serf rights improve after the emancipation edict?

A

they could marry, travel, vote in local elections and trade

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49
Q

how were landowners compensated after the emancipation edict?

A

they were heavily compensated for their land as it was valued highly (landowners kept the best land) however they were not compensated for losing serfs

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50
Q

why was the emancipation of the serfs needed?

A

•the economy was suffering as it was reliant on serfdom
•90% of people were peasants, 90% of those being serfs, there was a high risk of revolt
•the industry needed workers
•russia was behind the rest of western europe

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51
Q

why was reform needed in russia’s judicial system?

A

•the system favoured the rich
•many judges had no legal training and were illiterate
•susceptible to bribes
•judges tended to be sexist and classist
•evidence couldn’t be disputed as the defendant couldn’t see the judge (not fair)

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52
Q

what was the reform in the judicial side of russia?

A

•judges were paid well and could not be dismissed
•they introduced a jury system in serious cases
•the system was simplified
•peasants could elect their own judge in village court
•they introduced prosecution and defence

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53
Q

what were the consequences of the reform to the judicial system?

A

•trials were fairer as the defendant had more protection
•there were fewer bribe attempts
•there were separate courts for peasants, emphasising the class divide
•government officials could not be tried in the system
•there was an articulate legal profession

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54
Q

what 6 aspects did Alexander II reform?

A

•emancipation of the serfs
•local government
•judicial
•military
•education
•censorship

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55
Q

why did Alexander need to reform the Local Government?

A

•the electoral system favoured the nobility
•they needed more control and new functions after the emancipation of the serfs
•it attempted to give power back to the nobles

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56
Q

how did Alexander reform the local governments?

A

•the zemstva was created, this was an elected district and provincial councils
•they provided better health, education and infrastructure
•they were elected so they were a better representative of the russian population

57
Q

what were the consequences of the reform on local governments?

A

•members began to make demands for social reform and better living conditions
•they were dominated by the nobility
•the peasants were put off by the nobility so they rarely participated
•they improves local areas
•the people gained more political experience, so more people made demands

58
Q

why did the military need to be reformed?

A

•the army performed badly in the Crimean War
•It’s army had to be modernised
•It was extremely expensive to maintain a vast army

59
Q

what were the reforms done to the military?

A

•A Universal Conscription introduced, all social classes were liable for the military service at the age of 21
•standard length of service was reduced to 15 years
•it was easier to bring in reserves in a time of war
•the army was reorganised and training improved

60
Q

what were the consequences of the reforms to the military?

A

•Russia had a smaller and more professional army
•it was still dominated by the nobility (as a fully professional army would have been a threat to the autocracy)
•still relies on mainly peasant conscriptions who were uneducated and illiterate
•nobility were angry that their offspring had to mix with lower classes

61
Q

why did education need to be reformed?

A

•Alexander recognised that more people needed to be educated in order to create a modern state

62
Q

what reforms were made to education?

A

•the zemstva ran the schools rather than the church
•secondary schools opened to all classes, as well as new primary/ secondary schools built
•there were investments in higher education
•the universities were made more relaxed and could govern themselves
•women could attend courses but not get a degree
•free primary education for all
•universities made self- governing in 1863

63
Q

what were the consequences of education reforms?

A

•in the first decade of Alexander’s rule, the number of pupils roughly doubled
•the peasant population had new aspirations
•students began to play a more significant part in society
•number of primary schools grew from 8,000 to 25,000
•more educated people- who would then start questioning things and asking for reform

64
Q

why did the censorship need to be reformed?

A

•the censorship system was rigid
•any publication deemed as dangerous was withdrawn
•a modern state doesn’t have tight censorship
•removing it would encourage the spread of new ideas

65
Q

what reforms were made to censorship?

A

it was relaxed and editors were given more freedom

66
Q

what were the consequences of the censorship being relaxed?

A

•editors pushed boundaries
•more books and periodicals published
•the public became better informed

67
Q

when were the first assassination attempts on Alexander’s life?

A

1866

68
Q

when did Alexander II die?

A

1881

69
Q

what was Alexander II known as?

A

‘Tsar Liberator’

70
Q

who are 3 of the people Alexander appoints after 1866?

A

•Tolstoy (minister for education)
•Shuvalov (Head of the Third section)
•Pahlen (minster of justice)

71
Q

when was the period of Alexander’s counter-reform?

A

1866-1881

72
Q

who initiated the counter reforms in education?

A

Tolstoy

73
Q

how did Tolstoy change education?

A

•he tightened the control on education
•the zemstva’s power over education was reduced and given to the church
•two types of secondary schools (gimnazi [higher] and technical schools)
•students from technical schools could no longer attend university
•the universities liberal courses were replaced with more conservative ones, subjects that required critical thinking were removed
•a state teacher training programme was introduced, they were taught what to teach

74
Q

who initiated counter reform changes to the police?

A

Shuvalov

75
Q

what changes did Shuvalov make to the police?

A

•he tightened control
•he introduced the Third Section, a new secret police
•he persecuted religious and ethnic minorities
•searches and arrests increased

76
Q

who made counter reform changes to the law?

A

Pahlen

77
Q

what changes did Pahlen make to the Law?

A

•he tightened control of the law
•he introduced show trials with the intention of deterring revolutionary activity
•1878 political crimes only took place in secret courts
•showtrials are public trials with a pre-determined outcome and the intention of punishing the person being prosecuted to scare the population
•there it no justice, it is not fair

78
Q

who was appointed in the late 1870s by Alexander?

A

Loris-Melikov

79
Q

what was Loris-Melikov appointed as?

A

Minister for the Interior

80
Q

what did Loris-Melikov do?

A

•released political prisoners
•relaxed censorship
•removed salt tax
•gave the zemstva more powers
•abolished the Third Section and created a new body, the Okhrana

81
Q

What did Loris-Melikov suggest in 1880, and what happened?

A

•he suggested a new, but limited, state democracy
•Alexander signed this,he called his ministers to discuss it, but the next day he was assassinated

82
Q

6 reasons why opposition grew 1855-1881

A

•relaxation of censorship
•creation of the zemstva
•reform of the judicial system
•repressive atmosphere after 1866
•education reforms
•hope and subsequent disappointment after the emancipation of the serfs

83
Q

why did the relaxing of censorship cause opposition to grow?

A

the people had more freedom to express ideas and to encourage others to oppose the autocracy

84
Q

why did the creation of the zemstva cause opposition to grow?

A

people became more politically educated and aware, they had also been given a taste of democracy

85
Q

why did the reform of the judicial system cause opposition to grow?

A

they gave more education to normal people, the introduction of jury’s gave the people a taste of a more democratic way of getting justice, people were more politically informed

86
Q

why did the repressive atmosphere after 1866 cause opposition to grow?

A

the people were angry and the counter-reforms revoked civilian freedoms. the third section was introduced, there was widespread unrest

87
Q

how did the education reforms cause opposition to grow?

A

the people became more educated and literate, meaning they could spread and formulate new and innovative ideas criticising the suffocating Russian autocracy

88
Q

how did the emancipation of the serfs cause opposition to grow?

A

the serfs felt cheated (many had less land, redemption payments over 47 years at 7%, under tight control of the Mir) people became resentful of the Tsar

89
Q

what was liberal opposition?

A

mainly peaceful, they wanted democratic change

90
Q

what was radical opposition?

A

mostly violent, they wanted revolution

91
Q

what happened in 1869?

A

the communist manifesto is translated into Russian by Bakuhin

92
Q

when was the communist manifesto translated into Russian?

A

1869

93
Q

who translated the communist manifesto into russian?

A

Bakuhin

94
Q

when was Das Kapital translated into Russian?

A

1872

95
Q

6 stages of the Marxist theory

A

primitive communism- ancient society- feudalism- capitalism- socialism- communism

96
Q

7 reasons why Opposition was significant under Alexander II

A

•I’m march 1881 they killed the Tsar
•the Narodniks carried out political assassinations and killed the head of the third section in 1878
•the ‘Young Russia’ group committed arson, destroying 2000 shops
•Spread of new Western ideas
•People’s Will had a spy in the Third Section
•Marxism published
•Radical opposition used printing to spread ideas

97
Q

7 reasons why Opposition was not significant under Alexander II

A

•opposition failed to remove the autocratic system even after Alexander’s assassination
•the Narodniks attempts to infiltrate the peasants were unsuccessful as the peasants were extremely loyal to the Tsar
•The opposition were divided in their views and methods
•Alexander continued to reject ideas for change
•Opposition is small due to lack of education
•Repressive ideas (third section)
•Marxism is not yet relevant due to very little industrial workers

98
Q

why was there only a small amount of opposition in the 19th century?

A

there was only a few literate and educated Russians, however the size and influence grew over time

99
Q

what were the two groups of opposition?

A

•Westerners
•Slavophiles

100
Q

what did the westerners believe in?

A

copying western ways/ culture in order to ‘catch up’

101
Q

what did the Slavophiles believe in?

A

a superior ‘Russian’ path to a better future

102
Q

why were the Zemstva dissapointed in Alexander II?

A

he was not prepared to give the zemstva national influence and restricted zemstva powers

103
Q

why was 1891-92 a turning point for liberal members of the westerners?

A

•there was a famine and the Tsar did not help the people, initiating widespread resentment
•the zemstva were predominantly responsible for relief work, which convinced people the system had to change

104
Q

what happens to liberal opposition during the period 1855-1881

A

•it grows
•it splits into two groups, westerners and slavophiles

105
Q

who were the radical opposition predominantly made up of?

A

the children of liberals who wanted to go further than their parents

106
Q

what was the first radical group to emerge?

A

Young Russia

107
Q

what did Young Russia do in 1862?

A

they allegedly started a series of fires in St Petersburg which destroyed over 2000 shops

108
Q

3 main radical thinkers

A

•Chernyshevsky
•Herzen
•Bakunin

109
Q

what did Chernyshevsky believe?

A

that the peasants had to be the leaders of a revolutionary change

110
Q

what did Herzen believe?

A

in a new peasant-based social structure

111
Q

what did Bakunin believe?

A

that private ownership should be replaced with collective ownership and income should be based on number of hours worked

112
Q

who were the Tchaikovsky Circle and what did they want?

A

they were a primarily literary society who sought political revolution and wanted to inspire the peasants by producing revolutionary pieces of literature

113
Q

Who were the Narodniks?

A

a group opposing the autocratic regime and wanted to exploit the peasant resentment

114
Q

what years did the Narodniks attempt to infiltrate peasant society?

A

in 1874 and 1876

115
Q

why did the attempts by the Narodniks to enter peasant society fail? (1874 and 1876)

A

because the peasants were painfully loyal to the Tsar meaning that the group were reported and 1600 were arrested.
in later times the government held showtrials for the members

116
Q

how many of the Narodniks were arrested in 1874?

A

1600

117
Q

what did the Narodniks regroup as in 1877?

A

Land and Liberty

118
Q

what year was Land and Liberty formed from the Narodniks?

A

1877

119
Q

what did the Land and Liberty want?

A

they sought to work within the peasant communities and continue the populist tradition. some carried out political assassinations. they also talked to the zemstva in a desire for constitutional reform

120
Q

who did Land and Liberty assassinate and when?

A

•the head of the Third Section
•1878

121
Q

when did the land and liberty group divide?

A

1879

122
Q

in 1879, what did the land and liberty group divide into?

A

•The Black Partition
•The People’s Will

123
Q

what did the Black Partition want?

A

to share the black soil provinces of Russia amongst the peasants. They hoped to stimulate social change in a peaceful manner, without resorting to violence. The group was weakened by arrests in 1880-81

124
Q

what did The People’s Will want?

A

they wanted reform, and they were willing to be violent. They places a spy in the Third Section and undermined the government by assassinating officials. They killed the Tsar in 1881

125
Q

when was Alexander II assassinated?

A

1881

126
Q

what were the significant things that The People’s Will did?

A

•planted a spy in the Third Section
•assassinated government officials
•killed the Tsar in 1881

127
Q

what was Russia’s economic standing in 1860?

A

it was the least economically developed country of all the European powers

128
Q

how was the emancipation financially straining for peasants in terms of buying land?

A

the landowners revived above market value for the land they were handing out to the peasants meaning the peasants had to pay more than it was worth

129
Q

when was Von Reutern economic minister?

A

1862-1878

130
Q

who was economic minister under Alexander II?

A

Von Reutern

131
Q

when did Von Reutern introduce a state bank?

A

1860

132
Q

when were tariffs reduced to promote trade?

A

1863

133
Q

what was the annual growth rate during Alexander II’s reign?

A

6%

134
Q

what happened to the number of primary schools and university students in Alexander II’s reign?

A

they tripled

135
Q

when was the reactionary period?

A

1866-1881

136
Q

when was the Zemstva made?

A

1864

137
Q

when were 3 assassination attempts on Alexander II’s life?

A

1866, 1879, 1880

138
Q

how were Alexander II’s education reforms half hearted?

A

secondary schools still required fees to be paid

139
Q

what 3 things did Loris-Melikov do?

A

•relaxed censorship
•removed the salt tax
•abolished the third section

history- Russia (4 decks)

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