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AP biology unit 1 review > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Water = ________

A

H2O

Water is a polar molecule with unique properties due to its structure.

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2
Q

What is the bond that joins O and H in water?

A

Covalent bond

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3
Q

Water molecules are therefore ___________

A

Polar

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4
Q

In a water molecule, ____________ has a partial ______________ charge and ____________ has a partial ______________ charge.

A

Oxygen, negative; hydrogen, positive

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5
Q

What type of intermolecular force can form between two polar molecules?

A

Hydrogen bond

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6
Q

ALL of water’s special properties are caused by its _____________ and/or water’s ability to form ______________.

A

Polarity; hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

Define cohesion in relation to water.

A

Water is attracted to other water molecules.

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8
Q

Define adhesion in relation to water.

A

Water is attracted to other polar or charged molecules.

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9
Q

What is capillary action?

A

Describes water moving up a tube, against gravity.

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10
Q

Ice (solid water) has the _____________, which spread the water molecules out to form a ____________.

A

Lower density; crystalline structure

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11
Q

Water is MOST DENSE in what state?

A

Liquid state (at 4°C)

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12
Q

Why is water’s high solvency important?

A

Materials can be easily transported around cells/body when dissolved in water.

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13
Q

Water is __________ and interacts with polar and charged substances.

A

Polar

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14
Q

What is the definition of high heat capacity?

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C.

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15
Q

What happens during evaporative cooling?

A

As water molecules evaporate, the surface they evaporate from gets cooler.

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16
Q

What is pH a measure of?

A

Concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]

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17
Q

Organic molecules have ____________ or _____________ bonds.

A

Covalent; ionic

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18
Q

Macromolecules are large ___________ molecules necessary for life.

A

Organic

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19
Q

What are monomers?

A

Single subunits of a macromolecule.

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20
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
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21
Q

Water-fearing molecules are called ____________.

A

Hydrophobic

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22
Q

Water-loving molecules are called ____________.

A

Hydrophilic

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23
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Covalent bonds between monomers formed by removing a water molecule.

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24
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Covalent bonds between monomers broken by adding a water molecule.

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25
Organisms need C, H, O, N, P, and S to make their molecules. Where do they get these elements from?
* The atmosphere * Animals eat and drink * Plants get carbon from CO2, hydrogen from H2O, and nitrogen and phosphorus from soil
26
What are photoautotrophs?
Organisms that use light energy to reduce CO2.
27
What is the structure of carbohydrates?
* Monosaccharides * Disaccharides * Polysaccharides
28
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are easily broken down during _____________.
Cellular respiration
29
What type of bond is formed between monomers in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkage
30
Fats are linked together by _____________.
Ester linkage
31
What are the functions of fats?
* Energy storage * Insulation * Cushioning vital organs
32
What is the structure of lipids?
Hydrocarbons
33
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
* Phosphate group * Pentose sugar * Nitrogenous base
34
What is the function of DNA?
Instructions for protein structure.
35
What is the function of RNA?
Acts as a copy of the DNA base sequence.
36
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate.
37
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
38
What are the four levels of protein structure?
* Primary * Secondary * Tertiary * Quaternary
39
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids ## Footnote The primary structure affects the rest of the levels of protein structure and its function.
40
What type of protein structure is collagen?
Multiple polypeptide chains wound around each other ## Footnote Collagen provides strength for bones, tendons, ligaments, and skin.
41
What is the role of cytoskeletal proteins?
Provide structure to the cell ## Footnote They branch throughout the cell, forming the cytoskeleton.
42
What metal is found in hemoglobin?
Iron (Fe) ## Footnote Hemoglobin bonds to O2 and carries it to cells.
43
What is the function of membrane transport proteins?
Transport particles ## Footnote They have openings that match the particle being transported.
44
What is the function of actin in muscle cells?
Generate force in muscles
45
What do motor proteins do?
Move molecules along microtubules of the cytoskeleton
46
What are immunoglobulins?
Proteins released by the immune system to target pathogens ## Footnote They target things like bacteria and viruses.
47
What is the role of enzymes?
Speed up reactions without being consumed ## Footnote Enzymes are used to both build and break down molecules.
48
Fill in the blank: Peptide _________ bind to ______________ proteins to activate a response in a cell.
hormones; receptor
49
What is the common suffix for the names of most proteins?
in
50
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acid
51
What are the elements that make up proteins?
CHON(S)
52
What type of bond is found in proteins?
Peptide bond
53
What is one function of proteins?
Storage of genetic information
54
List two functions of proteins.
* Waterproofing * Hormones
55
What is a primary energy source for living organisms?
Glucose
56
What is the structure of DNA?
Double helix
57
What are two examples of proteins?
* Hemoglobin * Collagen
58
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
Glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate group
59
Fill in the blank: The bond that links nucleotides in DNA is called a __________ bond.
phosphodiester
60
What is the function of triglycerides?
Long-term energy storage
61
What is a key function of structural proteins?
Provide structural support ## Footnote Examples include collagen and keratin.
62
What is the role of RNA?
Gene expression (making proteins)

AP biology unit 1 review (1 decks)

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