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Pe theory > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Effects of exercise on the anaerobic energy system

A

Increased power output
increased anaerobic threshold
increased in muscular strength

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2
Q

effects of exercise on the anaerobic energy system

A

more and bigger mitochondria
increased in cardiovascular fitness
increased use of fat as energy source

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3
Q

short term effects of exercise ?

A

heart rate increases
breathing rate increases
sweating

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4
Q

long term effects of excercise?

A

heart size increases
muscles increase in size
increased fitness levels

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5
Q

why is recovery important after exercise ?

A

after anaerobic exercise , lactic acid builds up so muscles can’t operate anymore . lactic acid must be removed , oxygen is needed to remove lactic acid in cells. the amount of oxygen needed to bring body back to normal is called oxygen dept. bc the body needs to pay back oxygen to the cells

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6
Q

factors that affect recovery after exercise

A

age
genetics
nutrition

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7
Q

methods that improve recovery after exercise

A

taking ice baths
rehydration
warm up

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8
Q

Test paper questions
during games activities the energy demands of performers may change
suggest two different situation in a named games activity where the energy demands of a game player may change

A

Football
when going to score a goal
a lot of energy is released
when standing still waiting for the ball
less energy is released since ur barley moving

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9
Q

differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

aerobic uses oxygen
aerobic releases more energy than anaerobic

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10
Q

describe a situation where two different named physical activities where a performer mainly uses each of the following ways of releasing energy
aerobic:
anaerobic;

A

aerobic
long distance running
someone running a 5km race at a steady pace
the runner moves at a steady speed for a long time so the body uses oxygen to release energy.
anaerobic
basketball
sprinting quickly to catch the ball
the sprint is very intense and short so body can’t get energy fast enough with oxygen. this causes lactic acid buildup and muscle fatigue

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11
Q

name components of blood

A

plasma
white blood cells
red blood cells
platelets

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12
Q

function of plasma

A

yellowish liquid that carries digested food in a soluble form and hormones and waste products from cells like carbon dioxide

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13
Q

function of platelets

A

special cells made in red bone marrow
able to stick to each other easily
platelets gather at the surface of a cut in skin and clot to seal opening and prevent bleeding

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14
Q

what do arteries do

A

carry blood away from the heart usually oxygenated blood apart from the pulmanory artery
walls are thick and muscular
thin lumen
thick muscular walls to withstand blood flowing at high pressure

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15
Q

function of vein and more

A

carry blood towards the heart usually deoxygenated apart from pulmanory vein
thinner wall
large lumen
allow diffusion of gases and nutrients from blood into body cells

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16
Q

function of capillary and more

A

allows diffusion of gases and nutrients from blood into the body cells
very thin walls one cell thick
very small linen only allowed blood
to pass through one cell at a time

walls are made of semi permeable membrane to allow transport of gases and nutrients into and out of the blood

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17
Q

describe the heart four chambers what they do

A

the two atria collect the blood when it enters the heart
the two ventricles pump blood out of the heart to the lungs or body
the valves prevent blood from flowing backwards

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18
Q

what does aorta do in heart

A

carried oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the body

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19
Q

what does vena cava do in the heart?

A

largest vein. carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

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20
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do in the heart?

A

carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs

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21
Q

what does pulmonary vein do in the heart?

A

returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to heart

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22
Q

pathway of blood through the heart

A

enters the heart through vena cava, flows into right atrium , blood is pumped out of the heart along the pulmanory artery to the lungs

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23
Q

where does oxygenated blood arrive from and what does it do?

Study These Flashcards
A

arrives at the right hand side of the heart
blood enters the heart through the pulmanory vein
flows into the left atrium and is pumped into the left ventircle
blood is pumped out of the heart along the aorta to the rest of the body

24
Q

short term effects of exercise on the heart

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A

herat contacts more often (increases heart rate)
heart contracts more powerfully (increases stroke volume)
cardiac output increases

25
long term effects of exercise on the heart
heart muscle increases in size and strength cardiac output increases increased stroke volume
26
where does gaseous exchange occur
occur at alveoli in the lungs and takes place by diffusion. alveoli are surrounded by capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffusion between the air in the alveoli and blood in the capilaries
27
when there is a high concentration of oxygen in alveoli and low in the blood then what happens?
oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood so our body can use it
28
when there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and low concentration in the alveoli what happens
carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli so it can be expelled by our lungs
29
characteristics of alveoli that enable gas exchange to occur
large surface area thin permeable walls moist walls
30
describe what’s happens during inhalation
chest size will go up, diaphgram will contract and move downwards intercostal muscles will contract and move ribs upwards and outwards
31
describe what happens during exhalation
chest size decreases, diaphgram relaxes and and moves back to its domed shape. intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards and outwards
32
what is breathing rate
number of breaths taken in one minute
33
what is tidal volume
amount of air inspired or expired in a normal breath
34
what is minute ventilation
the amount or volume of air inspired or expired in one minute
35
what is vital capacity
the maximum amount of air u can breathe out, after breathing as deeply as u can.
36
residual volume
amount of air that remains in a persons lung after fully exhaling
37
short terms effects of excercise ok the respiratory system
increased breathing rate intercoastal muscles, diaphragm and other muscles work harder as br and tv increase minute volume increases
38
long term effects of exercise on respiratory system
the respiratory muscles increase in strength results in larger respiratory volume an increase in number and diameter of capillaries surrounding the alveoli leads to increase in efficiency of gaseous exchange and process of diffusion
39
what are 3 diff types of muscles and what do they do
Voluntary muscle- this is attached to bones and works when you want to also known as skeletal muscle. Involuntary muscle- found in the walls of your internal organs works on its own and we do not control it also known as smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle- special involuntary muscle that forms the wall of your heart it works non-stop and is striped in appearance .
40
what do triceps biceps and deltoids do?
Triceps extend the arm at the elbow and example in press ups Biceps flex the arm at the elbow and example in pullups Deltoids move the arm and all directions at the shoulder example is bowling a cricket ball
41
what do trapezius, hip flexors and quadriceps do?
Trapezius stabilise shoulders, allow the head to move back and sideways. example is holding head up in rugby scrum. Hip flexor flex the hips and stabilise spine and core. example is raising the leg when riding a bike Quadriceps extend the leg at knee. example is kicking a ball
42
what do hamstrings, gastrocnemius and Latissmus dorsi do?
Hamstrings flex the leg at the knee example is bending me before kicking a ball. Gastrocnemius - plantar flexion muscle muscles that point the toes help to flex the knee example is running. Latissimus Dorsi- abduct and extend the arm at the shoulder example butterfly stroke in swimming
43
How do muscles work in movement and what are the working contracting muscle called and the relaxing extended muscle cold in antagonist pair?
A working contracting is called a prime mover or a agonist A relaxing extending muscle is called the antagonist
44
what are isotonic and isometric contradictions?
muscles contract when they work if a muscle contracts the crate moving it is called an isotonic contraction
45
what can an isotonic contraction be and explain?
An isotonic contraction can be concentric, which is where the muscles shorten as the fibres contract or Eccentric where the fibres contract as the muscle lengthens. When a muscle contracts with no resulting movement it is called an isometric contraction.
46
what are the different types of skeletal muscle?
Slow twitch: contract slowly Improved through continuous training Uses aerobic energy Fatigue slowly produces little lactic acid Suited to endurance sports Fast twitch: which contracts quick improved through interval training uses anaerobic energy fatigue quickly produced produces lots of lack of lactic acid suited to strength or power sports
47
example of antagonistic muscle action
shoulder joint which the type of movement is rotation of shoulder the agonist is deltoid the antagonist latissmus dorsi example in physical activity is bowling a cricket ball 
48
49
function of the skeleton?
protection Shape and support Movement Blood production
50
What do the three types of bone in the human skeleton do?
Long bone Function is blood production and also generate speed and strength for physical activities. The shape is longer and longer in length than width. Examples are femur and humerous. short bones function is shock absorption and spreading the load they provide support and stability with little movement. Example examples are the torso in the foot in the carpals in the hand Flat bones function is the protection of vital organs and attachment of muscle and ligaments to help movement. The shape is flat with a wide surface but thin Examples are scapula in the upper back and cranium the skull and ribs
51
52
What are three joint types?
Fixed / immovable (fibrous joints) Slightly movable (cartilaginous joints) freely moveable joint (synovial joint- ball and socket and hinge joint)
53
summarise the three types of joint in the body
The fixed removable joints cannot move they overlap or interlock and are held together by a tough fibre. The slightly movable joints can only move a little they are held together by strong straps called ligaments and are joined together by protective pads known as a cartilage. The free removable joints are also known as as a synovial joint and are the largest group of joints found in the body
54
what are the different types of joint movements?
Flexion bending a joint for example of elbow flexes when performing a bicep curl extension - straightening a joint for example the knees joint when a rugby ball is kicked on impact abduction- occurs during a shot put throw . movement away from the midline of the body rotation this is where the limbs move in a circular movement around a fixed joint towards or away from the midline of the body for example in the hip in golf performing a drive shot Plantar Flexion is pointing the hose this moment occurs only at the ankle for example pointing the toes ballet. Dorsey flexion the foot moves towards the shin as if you are pulling your toes up for example kicking strike in karate.
55
The structure and function of a synovial joint
synovial joint capsule this surrounds the entire joint keeping the joint together synovial membrane, they’re in a layer of the capsule which secretes synovial fluid synovial fluid lubricating liquid that helps joints move easily Synovial cartilage this pads the end of the articulating bones and protect the bones from knocking together act as a cushion between the bones
56
What are ligaments and tendons?
ligaments are strong cords and straps that bind bones together and hold a joint in place Tendons are chords and straps that connect muscle to the bone
57
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Pe theory (2 decks)

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