UNIT 1 Flashcards
(46 cards)
Italy fragmented in
1815-The Congress of Vienna
Italy faced obstacles by
-Austria (which occupied Lombardy and Venetia)
-France
-The Peoples and leaders of small states
Italy’s journey chronologically:
-Once been the center of the WRE
-Also been the birth place of the Renaissance
-Started declining because of the decline of the Mediterranean trade due to the Great exploration and discoveries
-Finally, it became fragmented into small independent states in the early 19th C. after the Congress of Vienna.
The disintegrated independent states of Italy were:
-Venetia (CC.-Venice) & Lombardy (CC.-Milan)
-Parma, Modena, & Tuscany
-The Papal States
-The Kingdom of Two Sicily
-The Kingdom of Sardinia (piedmont-Sardinia)
Venetia (CC.-Venice) & Lombardy (CC.-Milan):
under direct Austrian rule
Parma, Modena, & Tuscany:
controlled by local princes (relatives of the Habsburgs-the family that ruled Austria) under the Austrian influence.
The Papal States:
directly or indirectly ruled by the pope; located at the center of the peninsula; often foreign powers intervened to protect papal independence (eg. France, 1849).
The Kingdom of Two Sicily:
ruled by a bourbon king dominated by Austria.
The Kingdom of Sardinia (piedmont-Sardinia):
the most advanced state in Italy; slowly expanded since the Middle Ages; an independent Italian state without any external influence; leader of the unification.
- Giuseppe Mazzini
Viewed “nation states” to be necessary and opposed monarchy
Was a member of the Carbonari
Carbonari: a secret society of Italian unification formed to abolish foreign rules in Italy
In 1831, he formed the “Young Italy” movement, a movement aimed at creating a democratic republic of Italy
Leader of the 1848 revolution
- Count Camilo de Cavour
In 1852, he became the PM of piedmont-Sardinia
Took part in the 1848 revolution
Strengthened piedmont
Allied with Napoleon III
* Napoleon agreed to send troops to drive Austrians out of Lombardy & Venetia, if Austria declared war on Sardina .
* For this favour, Cavour, allied with France & Britain in the Crimean war (1853-56) against Russia.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
A soldier in the piedmont army
Formed a volunteer army called “Red Shirts” or “Thousands”- an army that wore red shirts into battle
His army (Red Shirts) supported the people’s revolution in the Kingdom of Two Sicily
The Process of Unification in Italy
Cavour maneuvered Austria into declaring war on piedmont-Sardinia. The war broke out in 1859 (the Austro-Sardinian war). That marked the beginning of the Italian Revolution.
With the help of France Sardinia defeated Austria and annexed only Lombardy (Venetia retained by Austria).
Modena, & Tuscany revolted and removed their pro-Austrian rulers and united with piedmont-Sardinia.
The two kingdom of Sicily joined with Sardinia after a successful uprising which was supported by Garibaldi’s army.
The army of Sardinia annexed the Papal states, except Rome (for it was under the French soldiers, in the name of protecting the life of the Pope).
Giuseppe handed over the power to Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia.
In 1861, the kingdom of Italy (excluding Venetia and Rome) was established, and King Victor Emmanuel became its king.
In 1866, Austro-Prussian war (the Seven weeks war) was started between the 2 German states. Italy supported Prussia. Later, Austria was defeated at the battle of Sadowa. The defeated Austria gave Venetia to the Italians.
In 1870, Franco-Prussian war was started and the French soldiers at Rome withdrew & Italy took the city of Rome and made it its capital city.
The Pope, however, continued to govern a section of Rome known as the Vatican City.
Although Italy was politically united, many problems continued. These include:
Regional Division
Tension between the industrialized north and the agrarian south
Hostility between the Roman Catholic Church and the government
The formation of a secret society known as the “Mafia”.
Dev’ts after unification
A standard form of Italian language was introduced to help unify the people.
Growth of industrialization & urbanization (esp. in N. Italy)
Expansion of modern education
Creation of a strong national army.
The Unification of Germany included _____ number of states
39
_____ took the leading role in unifying Germany
Prussia
obstacles for G. unification
Austria
Denmark (occupied Schleswig and Holstein)
Russia
France
Small German states
the Catholic states, which feared domination by Protestants.
Zollverein:
customs union set up among most of the German states in the 1800’s.
Otto von Bismark’s Principles
-Real Politik
-Blood and Iron
The 3 wars of Germany
- Danish War 1864 (against Denmark),
- Seven Weeks War 1866 (against Austria), and
- Franco-Prussian War -1870/71 (against France).
The Danish War:
The first war of German unification was the 1864 Danish War, which began over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. As a result of the war, Schleswig was given to Prussia, while Austria kept Holstein.
The Austro-Prussian War of 1866:
The Seven Weeks War, which was a war between Prussia and Austria was not simply to control the territory of Schleswig and Holstein. More importantly, it was about the leadership of Germany. Prussia was supported by Italy in its move. The small German states that feared Prussian domination were on the side of Austria. At the Battle of Königgrätz (or Sadowa) on 3 July 1866, the Prussian army quickly defeated the Austrian forces.
Results of the Seven weeks war:
* Holstein was annexed by Prussia
* Austria was excluded from German affairs
* Venetia was given to Italy
* The North German Confederation was formed under the leadership of
Prussia. It consisted of all German states except states in the south, where the people, were liberal and Catholic
The Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71
This was a conflict between France and Prussia in 1870–1871. To provoke France to declare war on Prussia, Bismarck published the Ems Telegram, a
carefully edited version of a conversation between King Wilhelm and the French ambassador to Prussia. The Ems Telegram was significant because it encouraged France
to declare war on Prussia in 1870. This conversation inflamed popular sentiment on both sides in favor of war.
Napoleon soon declared war on Prussia. Then, the Southern German states of Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden, and Hesse Darmstadt entered the war on the side of Prussia opposing French invasion. On September 2, 1870, French forces were defeated at the battle of Sedan. The defeat brought the French Second Empire to an end. The proclamation of the new German Empire at Versailles was the pinnacle of Bismarck’s efforts to unite Germany.
In the Treaty of Frankfurt signed on 10 May 1871:
A) France agreed to cede to Germany the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, rich areas in
coal and iron;
B) France agreed to pay huge war indemnities to Germany.
In 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed at the Palace of Versailles, outside
Paris, with King William of Prussia as German Emperor (Kaiser).
