Unit 1 & 2 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. It accounts for 20% of body weight
A
Skeletal System
2
Q
What are the four types of bones?
A
Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones
3
Q
Where two bones join together
A
Joint
4
Q
The top flexible tissue that covers the ends of the bones of freely movable joints and protects the bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other. A tough, but flexible tissue that covers the bones
A
Cartilage
5
Q
A connective tissue that binds one bone to another.
A
Ligament
6
Q
A connective tissue that attaches/binds the muscle to bone
A
Tendon
7
Q
The body system responsible for movement
A
Muscular System
8
Q
Moves our bones and controls facial expressions and eye movements
A
Striated Muscle
9
Q
These muscles line the walls of internal organs
A
Smooth Muscle
10
Q
This muscles is only found in the heart and is a combination of both striated and smooth muscle
A
Cardiac Muscle
11
Q
The control center for all actions that occur consciously and unconsciously and the communication among body parts
A
Nervous System
12
Q
The nervous system is divided into two parts:
A
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
13
Q
Messages travel through the spinal cord to the brain then directs all functins for the body
A
Central Nervous System
14
Q
Consists of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; These nerves relay messages between the CNS And other areas of body
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
15
Q
Works with the cardiovascular system to provide oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide
A
Respiratory System
16
Q
What are the four parts of the respiratory system?
A
lungs, passageways for airflow, blood vessels, and muscles.
17
Q
These are divided into the upper respiratory tract in the lower respiratory track
A
Respiratory passages
18
Q
Consists of the heart and blood vessels; Primary function is to transport a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen to the body cells through the flow of blood
A
Cardiovascular System
19
Q
What is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body
A
Heart
20
Q
Carries oxygen poor blood back to the heart
A
Veins
21
Q
Carries blood away from the heart to the body tissue
A
Arteries
22
Q
The constant supply of nutrients and oxygen to the body cell through the flow of blood
A
Circulation
23
Q
Includes digestive tract and it’s accessory organs; The role is to process food into molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the body
A
Digestive System
24
Q
What are the four functions of the digestive system
A
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
25
What system balances the fluids in your body by producing, storing, and eliminating urine
Urinary System
26
What are the organs in the Urinary System?
Kidneys, Ureter, Urethra, and the Bladder
27
What do Kidneys do?
The kidneys filter out waste products, reabsorb water and other substances, and produce urine
28
A complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend and protect the body against foreign invaders second cause sickness and disease. This system also produces, stores, and carries white blood cells around the body
Immune System
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What are Leukocytes?
White Blood Cells
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An informational signaling system that sends chemical messages called Hormones; Hormones influence growth, development, and energy producing activities
Endocrine System
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What is the purpose of the Endocrine System?
To keep the body in a state of homeostasis or balance
32
This system is made up of Hair, nails, skin, and associated glands; Skin, hair, nails, and fluid secreted by glands cover and protect various parts of the body
Integumentary System
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These systems produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or the sperm
Reproductive Systems
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A cycle of changes in the female hormone production that lasts about 28 days.
Menstrual Cycle
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If the egg is unfertilized hormone changes will cause the uterus to shed
Menstration
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This is when the egg is released from the ovary
Ovulation
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When the sperm cells travel into the Fallopian Tube and penetrates the ovum
Fertilization
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Women are born with all of the eggs that she will ever use. When the eggs run out and estrogen levels drop menopause begins
Menopause
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What are the four main types of germs?
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites
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One-called germs that multiply quickly
Bacteria
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Tiny capsules that contain genetic material
Viruses
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Primitive plant like organisms such as mushrooms, mold, mildew, and yeast
Fungai
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Animals or plants that survive by living on or in other living things
Parasite
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How can germs be transmitted
Direct Contact, Indirect Contact, bites, and contamination
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This includes kissing, touching, sneezing, coughing, and engaging in sexual contact. Pregnant moms can also pass germs along to their babies
Direct Contact
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This involves touching something that has germs on it
Indirect contact
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You can get infected through bites of either insects or animals
Bites
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Food, water, soil, or plants can become contaminated with germs
Contaminate
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Diseases that are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
Infectious (communicable) Diseases
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Infections of the nose and throat and are caused by more than 200 different viruses and are spread by infected droplets of fluid that can be inhaled or transferred via touch. Symptoms include Watery eyes, Nasal And chest congestion, sneezing, sore or scratchy throat.
Common Cold
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Caused by the influenza virus that infect the nose, throat, and lungs; It is spread by infected droplets of fluid that are inhaled or transferred via touch; Symptoms include Fatigue, muscle stiffness, coughs, sore throat, nasal congestion, headaches, and high fever
Influenza (flu)
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A virus that is transmitted through saliva, and air droplets through a cough or sneeze, or through sharing a drink or food utensils with someone who has mono. Symptoms include Fatigue, swollen lymph nodes in your neck and armpits, swollen tonsils, sore throat, swollen spleen, fever, headache and skin rash.
Mononucleosis (mono)
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How do you prevent respiratory infection?
1. Wash your hands frequently in hot water
2. Avoid contact with someone who is sick
3. Avoid sharing beverages, utensils, and lip products
4. Best way to prevent the flu is getting the flu vaccine every year
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The thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
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An inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by either a virus or bacteria. Symptoms include sudden high fever, stiff neck, and nausea. It can cause stroke, hearing loss, or brain damage
Meningitis
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Both pneumococcal infections and meningococcal infections are caused by…
bacterial meningitis
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This type of meningitis can cause stroke, hearing loss, and brain damage. Transmitted when a virus enters the body through the nose/mouth then travels to the brain
Viral meningitis
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This form of meningitis is rare but deadly b/c it can effect other organs
Bacterial meningitis
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How to prevent Meningitis
1. Wash your hands/ practice good hygiene
| 2. Vaccines can prevent bacterial meningitis
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Infection caused by Staphylococcus that is difficult to treat b/c It is resistant to antibiotics. Symptoms include Fever, red bumps, rash on skin, infected area may be swollen, painful, warm, or full of pus
MRSA
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Prevention of MRSA includes:
1. Good hygine
2. Avoid contact with other people’s wounds
3. Keeping cuts/scrapes clean
4. Avoid sharing personal items
5. Wash laundry in hot water w/bleach & dry in hot dryer
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Infection caused by a contagious virus called herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Cold Sores
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How to prevent cold sores
Wash your hands and avoid sharing drinks or any item that might touch the mouth
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Common infectious diseases of the integumentary system.
MRSA, Cold sores, lice, chickenpox, and the measles
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Tiny parasites that feed off the scalp and live in bedding/clothing. Symptoms include Itching near the scalp, neck, and ears; lice on scalp, lice eggs(nits) on hair shaft
Lice
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Infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. This infection spreads easily from person to person. Symptoms include uncomfortable itchy rash that turns into fluid filled blisters and eventually into scabs; fever, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite .
Chicken Pox
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Infectious disease caused by a virus that spreads easily from person to person. Symptoms include: Blotchy red rash starting at head and moving to whole body; tiny white spots inside mouth; fever, cough, runny nose; pink eye, achy feeling
Measles
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The second most common type of infection in the body
UTIs
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When bacteria enters the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder causing an infection. Symptoms include Pain/burning when you urinate, fever, tiredness, shakiness, urge to urinate often, pressure in your lower belly, urine that smells bad looks cloudy or red, pain in lower back and sides below ribs
UTI
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Generally spread by sexual contact. Organisms may pass from person to person in blood, semen, and other bodily fluids.
STDs
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The inflammation in the liver generally caused by an infection. Usually caused by a virus or by consuming food or water contaminated by feces from an infected person.
Hepatitis
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Tend to be chronic and develop as a result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors
Non-communicable diseases
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The most common type of heart disease that is caused by a build up of plaque on the artery walls
(Coronary Artery Disease)
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What are some risks you CAN change with heart disease?
smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise, diet and alcohol consumption, stress
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What are some risks you CAN NOT change with heart disease?
Age. People 65+ have a higher risk; Sex. Men are more at risk then women; Family history; Race. African Americans have a higher risk
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Occurs when there is a loss of blood flow to part of the brain
Stroke
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When blood pressure stays high over time it causes the heart to pump harder and work over time.
Hypertension (aka High blood pressure)
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The overgrowth of abnormal cells that form growth that take over the function of vital organs, causing death unless treated
Cancer
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These tumors can spread into, or invade nearby tissues. As these tumors grow some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood and form new tumors far from the original tumor.
Malignant Tumors
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These tumors do not invade nearby tissues. These tumors can sometimes be quite large and must be removed. When removed is usually do not grow back.
Benign Tumors
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What are the most common types of cancer?
Breast cancer followed by lung cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer
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What are some of the controlled risk factors for cancer?
diet, obesity, tobacco use, exposure to sunlight, alcohol consumption
83
A chronic respiratory condition that intermittently (not steadily) inflames and narrows the airways in the lungs. Inflammation causes the airways to swell which causes periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. Severe cases are called asthma attacks
Ashma
84
What are the risks involved with ashma?
- environment/ occupation -family history/genes
| - other medical conditions. -race. -gender
85
A brain disorder that causes people to have reoccurring seizures.
Epilepsy
86
When a cluster of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain send out the wrong signals. If the brain cells are sending too many signals at the same time the person may have a violent muscle spasm or lose consciousness.
Seizures
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What can cause Seizures?
Risks include: family history, head trama, nervous system infections, and AIDS. Anything that can disrupt the normal pattern of the brain activity can cause seizures and epilepsy
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A disease in which a persons blood glucose(blood sugar) levels are too high. The body uses insulin to bring the blood glucose to the cells to make energy. People who are diabetic either don’t produce enough insulin or don’t make any insulin
Diabetes
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What is the difference between type one diabetes and type two diabetes
Type 1: Do not make any insulin.
| Type 2: caused by either a lack of insulin or the bodies inability to use insulin.
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When the blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be considered diabetes
Prediabetes
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What are risks for type two diabetes?
- having Prediabetes
- obesity
- 45 or older
- family history
- being African-American, Alaska native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic, Latino, native Hawaiian, or pacific islander - having high blood pressure -having low level of good cholesterol -smoking -having a history of diabetes in pregnancy -given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more -having an in active lifestyle - having a history of heart disease or stroke -Depression -PCOS -acanthosis nigricans
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A state of health and well-being and the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupations, and daily activities.
Physical fitness
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What are the five components of fitness
1. Cardio respiratory fitness
2. Muscular Strength
3. Muscular Endurance
4. Flexibility
5. Body Composition
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The ability to perform large muscle, whole body exercise at moderate to vigorous intensities for extended periods of time.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
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The amount of force a muscle group can produce. This is usually measured by the maximum amount of force produced in a single effort. It is how much weight you can lift, push, or pull at one time
Muscular Strength
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Physical activities that require specific muscle group to work for a longer period of time
Muscular Endurance
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The ability of the joints to move through their full range of motion
Flexibility
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Measuring the percentage of fat, muscle, water, and bone found in the human body. Body composition is expressed as the ratio of fat mass to fat free mass.
Body Composition
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What are the four elements of FITT
1. Frequency
2. Intensity
3. Time
4. Type
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What is the formula to get your targeted heart rate (THR)
220 - age = Max Heart Rate
MHR x 0.50 = Moderate Heart Rate
MHR x 0.70 = Low Heart Rate
101
How long/often should children and adolescents be active daily
At least sixty minutes a day
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How often should an adult be physically active?
150m-300m moderate intensity
| 75m-85m vigorous intensity
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Special Recommendations for Adolescents Personal Cars includes:
- shower daily and use deodorant
- remove clog pores that cause acne wash the face daily and avoid oil based make up and fried foods
- what oily hair daily. Wash dry hair less frequently and use conditioner
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There are two internal biological mechanisms (homeostasis and circadian rhythm) that work together to regulate when you are awake and asleep called…
Sleep Cycles
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Period when most dreaming occurs which happens about 75-90m after falling asleep
REM Sleep
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The Short period between wakefulness and sleep
First Stage in the REM sleep cycle
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The Period of light sleep as the body prepares for deeper sleep
Stage Two of the REM Sleep Cycle
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Deep, non-REM sleep that occurs in long periods during the first half of the night
Stage Three in the sleep cycle
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The automatic process the body uses to remain internally stable while adjusting to conditions.
Homeostasis
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The 24 hour repeating rhythm your circadian clocks follow
Circadian Rhythm
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Sleep deprivation has been linked to
- Heart Disease. -Kidney Disease -High Blood Pressure
- Diabetes -Stroke. -Obesity. -Depression
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What is the functon of macronutrients?
to provide energy
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Every gram of carbohydrates you eat is worth how many calories of energy?
4 grams of energy
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What do complex carbs provide?
Vitamins, minerals, and fiber
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What type of carb CAN NOT be digested
Dietary Fiber
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For one gram of protein you recieve how many calories of energy?
One gram of protein is worth 4 calories of energy
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How many calories of energy do you get from one gram of fat?
One gram of fat is worth 9 calories of energy
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This type of fat is good fats that can promote good health if eaten in the right amounts and tend to be liquid at room temp and come in the form of oils
Unsaturated Fats
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This type of fat has negative effects on heart health by raising blood lipid/cholesterol and tends to be solid at room temperature.
Saturated Fats
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These fats -Are created during the conversion of oils into solid fats and naturally found in some foods. This fat has negative effect on heart health because they raise blood cholesterol levels and tends to be solid at room temperature
Trans Fats
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Your body uses these to support growth, digestion, nerve function, and to obtain or make energy from the macro nutrients
Vitamins
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What are the 13 vitamins your body needs?
```
1. Vitamin A
2-9. Vitamin B(s):
-Thiamine (B-1). - Riboflavin (B-2). -Niacin (B-3). -Pantothenic Acid(B-5)
-Biotin. - Vitamin B-6. -Cobalamin. -Folate
10. Vitamin C
11. Vitamin D
12. Vitamin E
13. Vitamin K
```
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Which vitamins are fat soluble?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
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Which vitamins are water soluble?
- B-vitamin Complex
| - Vitamin C
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Macro nutrients that must be consumed from food
Vitamins and minerals
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Your body uses these to build bones, maintain water balance, and store oxygen in the red blood cells
Minerals
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Restricts flesh foods like beef, pork, poultry, and seafood but does allow animal products like milk butter, eggs, etc
Vegetarian
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Restricts all flesh foods; eats eggs/dairy
Lacto-ovo Vegetarian
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Restricts all flesh foods; drinks milk and eats milk products
Lacto-vegetarian
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Restricts all flesh foods but eats eggs
Ovo-vegetarian
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Restricts all flesh foods and their products; restricts honey
Vegan
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Eats vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and sprouted grains; uncooked food consumption varies from 75%-100%
Raw Vegan
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Diet that focuses on limiting the percentage of calories from fats
Low Fat
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Diet that focuses on weight loss by restricting the total number of calories from all sources of macronutrients
Low Calorie
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This diet focuses on consuming more protein
High protein
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Diet that focuses on restricting calories & grams of carbohydrates
Low- Carbohydrates
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This diet focuses on controling blood glucose(sugar) levels.
Diabetic Diet
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This occurs when the immune system overreacts to food/beverages that contain specific proteins
Food Allergies
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What are the most common food allergies
peanuts, eggs, soy, shellfish, tree nuts
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What are NOT life treatening reactions to allergies
- itching in/around mouth
- hives/eczema
- tightening of the throat/trouble breathing
- gastrointestinal pain
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What ARE life threatening reactions to allergies
- difficult/noisy breathing; wheezing
- swelling of the tongue
- tightness in the throat/difficulty talking
- persistent cough; dizziness/collapse
- becoming pale/floppy (in young children)
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A chemical reaction to a specific kind of food; it is not an immune reaction.
Food Intolerance
143
Reactions to Food Intolerance
Gastrointestinal symptoms include bloating, cramping, stomach pain, diarrhea, and constipation.
144
What is the formula for BMI
BMI= (weight x 703) / height^2
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Used as a screening tool to evaluate a persons weight status. It is not measure body fat. Weight status categories include underweight, normal, overweight, and obese
BMI
146
The calories consumed from food must be balanced by the calories used to normal body functions, daily activities, and exercise
Calorie Balance
147
How to maintain a healthy weight
To maintain a healthy weight, work your way up to 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity, 75 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic activity, or an equivalent mix of to each week.
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This program was founded in 1966 to provide nutritious breakfast meals to students at participating schools. There are three kinds of meals students may be eligible for: free meals, reduced price breakfast, and full price meals based on the families income
The School Breakfast Program(SBP)
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Acfederally assigned meal program operating in public and nonprofit private schools and residential childcare institutions. It provides nutritionally balanced, low cost, or no cost lunches to children each day at school.
The National School Lunch Program (NSLP)
