UNIT 1,2&3 Flashcards by Sekrit :>

Branch of Biology that deals with the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts.

PHYSIOLOGY

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2 Goals of Physiology

Responses to stimuli
keeps internal balance (homeostasis)

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•Examine the function of individual cells.
•Explores interactions between different organs to form organ systems.
•Focuses on understanding how specific organ works.
•Investigate the complex workings of the nervous system.
•Studies the E system and its hormones.

Cellular Physio
Systematic Physio
Organ Physio
NeuroPhysio
Endocrine Physio

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•Examine mechanics of muscle contraction.
•Explore function of heart & blood vessels.
•Focuses on mechanics of breathing.
•Studies process of digestion.
•Examine function of kidneys.

Muscle Physiology
Cardiovascular Physiology
Respiratory Physiology
Digestive Physiology
Renal Physiology

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•Investigate reproduction
•Compares Physiological processes
•Focuses on understanding how various physiological systems interact and collaborate
•Explore how organisms adapt to diff environments.

Reproductive Physiology
Comparative Physiology
Integrative Physiology
Environmental Physiology

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Enumerate
Why Study Physiology?
8 Reasons

Medicine
Health and Wellness
Research
Education
Biotechnology and industry
Public Health
Sports & Exercise Science
Environmental Science

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MEDICINE
• knowledge of physiological processes
to diagnose and treat diseases.
• Perform procedures
• guide medical professionals

Diagnosis and treatment
Surgical procedures
Patient care

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HEALTH AND WELLNESS
• understanding phy. basis of Diseases. enables dev. of preventive measures.

Preventive care

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RESEARCH
• Deeper unders. of diseases mechanisms.
• how drugs interact with the body.
• study specific processes in controlled environment.

Advancing medical knowledge
Drug development
Experimental studies

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EDUCATION

needs strong understanding to provide high-quality Care
basic understanding of life process

Medical Training
BIOLOGY & LIFE SCIENCE

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PUBLIC HEALTH
Study patterns of disease occurrence, transmission, etc.
inform health & regulations.

Epidemiology
Health Policy

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SPORTS & EXERCISE SCIENCE
- optimize training programs.
- understand how body responds to exercise & injuries.

Perform Enhancement
injury recovery

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Understand how org. adapt to envi. changes.

Adaptation

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Enumerate
Name 6 levels of organization in living systems

Chemistry
Cell
Tissue
Organ level
Organ system
Organism

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• Any living things
• Atom combine to form molecules
• composed of 2 or more tissues

Organism level
Chemical level
Organ level

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• Molecules form organelles
• has 4 types

Cell level
Tissue level

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4 types of tissues

Epithelial T.
Nervous T.
Muscular T.
Connective T.

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Enumerate (or not)
What are the major organs?
11 types

Stomach
Lungs
Trachea
Brain
Thyroid Gland
Liver
Heart
Thymus
Urinary system
Gallbladder
Spleen

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Enumerate (or not)
12 types of organ systems

Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary system
Female reproductive system
Male reproductive system

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Ability to maintain a stable and relatively constant internal environment despite external changes.

Homeostasis

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Example of homeostasis

Temperature
Ph
Blood glucose levels

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Red-eared slider turtle
Male ___°C below
Female ___ °C above
Between the _____° balance

28°
31°
28-31°

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Macroclemys
Female __°C above
Male __°C between

28°
22-28°

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Emys obicularis
Male __°C below
Female __°C above

25°
30°

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KEY COMPONENTS Ideal or optimal level of the variable Human body temp 37°C ___

Set point 98.6°F

KEY COMPONENTS - Has 2 types of negative and positive - organs, tissues or cells that carry out the control centers command - continuously monitor internal conditions - Located in the brain

Feedback loops Effectors Sensor / Receptors Control centers

Homeostasis maintained 2ru diff control system in our body.

Control system

Primary mechanism Amplifying response to achieve specific outcome NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

Negative feedback loops Positive feedback loops Stimulation - dev of stimuli Reception - control unit receives changes Processing- the brain serves as the loop’s control unit Counteract on the stimuli - control unit sends out signals Stimulation - initiates the PFL in order to complete a process in the initial step Reception - second step in the loop reception of stimuli Processing - supplied control unit by the receptors Stimuli. Activated even more

Enumerate (1-4) Give importance of homeostasis

Balance & Stability Optimal functioning Protection against external factors Prevention of diseases

Give an example of homeostasis in the human body

Maintain body temperature Controlling blood pH Regulates blood glucose levels

Give an example of temperature regulation

Sweat Evaporative cooling Drop in temperature

Water enters diffusion through the gills

Osmoregulation

Disruption to homeostasis Hormonal imbalance Extreme temperatures

Internal causes External influences

Enumerate 1-4 Give common homeostasis disorders

Diabetes Hypertension Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism

Enumerate scope of physiology 1-14

Cellular Organ Systematic Neurophysiology Endocrine Muscular Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive Renal Reproductive Comparative Integrative Environmental

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY - Design med. devices, prosthetics, etc. - Develop effective drugs & therapies.

BIOMEDICAL ENG. PHARMACEUTICAL

Enumerate key components of homeostasis 1-5

Set point Sensors or receptors Control center Effectors Feedback loops

Define (essay) Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary system Female reproductive system Male reproductive system

- Provides protection (skin, hair) - Allows body movements (bones) - Maintains posture (muscles) - A major regulatory system detects sensation and control movements (brain, spinal cord) - influences metabolism (endocrine glands) - transport nutrients, waste product (heart, blood vessels, blood) - removes foreign substances from the blood (lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes) - exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide (lungs, respiratory passages) - perform mechanical and chemical (mouth, esophagus) - removes waste product from the blood (kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters) - produce oocytes and the site of fertilization (ovaries) - produces and transfers sperm cells (testes, penis)

Define (essay)organ level Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

- How atoms interact and combine to form molecules - basic structure and functional units of organism - four types (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous) - composed of two or more tissue - group of organs classified as a unit - organism in any living thing considered as a whole

Define (essay) Set point Sensors or receptors Control center Effectors Feedback loops

- Specific set point for each regulated variable - continuously monitor internal conditions - receive and process information - Organ, tissue, cells carry out control centers command - self regulating mechanism

Life form light process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

all life needs a constant input of energy.

ENERGY NEEDS LIFE

___ gets their energy from 'EATING OTHERS'. consume ___ ___ consumers

HETEROTROPHS ORGANIC MOLECULES

___ gets their energy from 'SELF' 'SUNLIGHT.' uses light energy to synthesize __ __ producers

AUTOTROPHS ORGANIC MOLECULES

DIAGRAM OF ENERGY CYCLE

Sun > photosynthesis > glucose O2 > Cellular respiration ATP > CO2 H2O >photosynthesis

___ Obtaining raw materials. ___ leaves "__" ___ stomates "___" ___ & ___ uptake from roots

PLANT STRUCTURE SUNLIGHT - SOLAR COLLECTORS CO2 - GAS EXCHANGE H2O & NUTRIENTS

Plants needs to?? (Give 2-3 reasons)

Collect & store light energy. produce all organic molecules. C, H, O, N, P, S

___ double membrane, stoma, thylakoid sacks. ___ H+ gradient built up within thylakoid sac. ___ Green because they absorb light wavelengths.

CHLOROPLASTS CHLOROPHYLL CHLOROPLASTS

___ dominant pigment

Chlorophyll

PRE-17TH noted that plants appeared to "eat" air and sunlight.

Greeks and Egyptians.

16TH conducted experiments and concluded that water was the source of a plant's increased mass.

Jan Baptista Van Helmont

ENGLISH CHEMIST conducted experiments with a variety of gases, including "____" (now known as oxygen).

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY dephlogisticated air

____ is sheathed with an upper and lower epidermis. The exposed surfaces of the epidermal cells are coated with a ____

leaf cuticle

photosynthetic tissues are located _____ and are consequently identified as mesophyll (____, middle; phyll, ___) tissues.

between the two epidermal layers meso leaf

upper photosynthetic tissue generally consists of ___ of ____ mesophyll cells.

one to three layers palisade

____ cells are elongated, cylindrical cells.

Palisade

Particles are called ___ are the smallest unit of ___.

photons light

light emitted from the sun contains photons in a wide spectrum of wavelengths, called the ____.

electromagnetic spectrum

Photosynthetic organisms use only a short portion of the electromagnetic spectrum called ____.

visible light

Plants appear green because they reflect ___ wavelengths of light.

yellow and green

__ wavelengths are absorbed and provide the energy needed.

Red and blue

___&___ are converted into ___&___, driven by the energy of sunlight captured by chlorophyll and other pigments.

Carbon dioxide and water glucose and oxygen

___ molecules are taken in from the surrounding environment.

6 CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)

__ released as a byproduct of photosynthesis

6 O2 (OXYGEN)

___ is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the chloroplasts.

6 H2O (WATER)

___ simple sugar, is the primary product of photosynthesis

C6H12O6 (GLUCOSE)

CHEMICAL FORMULA

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

reactions that synthesize glucose occurs in the ___.

stroma

light dependent reactions occur in the ___.

thylakoids

Uses chemical energy (NADPH & ATP) to reduce CO2 to build C6H12O6 (sugars)

CALVIN CYCLE

Acts as light-gathering "___" bulk of the chlorophyll in the photosystem functions

ATENNA COMPLEX ATENNA CHLOROPHYLL

Chlorophyll a (P680) Chlorophyll b (P700)

PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTEM 1

Light reactions similar to ___ in cellular respiration

ETC

The key to the photosynthetic electron transport chain

photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII)

These two photosystems operate in series linked by a third multiprotein aggregate called the ___.

cytochrome complex

The effect of the chain is to extract low-energy electrons, using light energy, raise the energy level ___.

NADPH

The association of chlorophyll with specific proteins forms a number of different ___.

chlorophyll-protein (CP) complexes.

The ___ for photosystem II consists of two chlorophyll-proteins (CP) known as _____.

core antenna CP43 and CP47

These two CP complexes each contain ____ of chlorophyll a.

20 to 25 molecules

____ longest-wavelength, thus the lowest-energy-absorbing chlorophyll in the complex.

energy sink

UNIT 1,2&3 Flashcards

(80 cards)