Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Old Higher Human Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

(107 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that acts as a biological catalyst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Active site

A

The area of an enzyme where the catalysed reaction occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Substrate

A

The specific substance that an enzyme acts upon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Denatured

A

loss of an enzyme’s normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

An enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of the enzyme. Success depends on concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Co-enzyme

A

A chemical that works with an enzyme (e.g. NAD).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

The bonds connecting amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primary structure of a protein refers to

A

the number and sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secondary Structure of protein refers to

A

The coiled shape the polypeptide chain forms as a result of weak hydrogen bonds between certain amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tertiary Structure of a protein refers to

A

The shape of the coiled polypeptide chain forms when further bonding causes it to fold or twist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Striated Muscle

A

A muscle that appears banded; also called skeletal muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament in muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament in muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

Theory which says that the myofilaments do not become any shorter during contraction and instead slide over each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nucleotides are

A

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sugar-phosphate Backbone

A

The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA bases are attached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak chemical bonds that hold nucelotides together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nucleotide Pairing

A

Principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Double Helix

A

Two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

RNA Nucleotide

A

Ribose sugar, one of 4 RNA bases and a phosphate.§

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Base A is
Adenine
26
Base T is
Thymine
27
Base U is
Uracil
28
Base C is
Cytosine
29
Base G is
Guanine
30
mRNA is
Messenger ribonucleic acid.
31
Codon
Three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid.
32
tRNA is
Transfer ribonucleic acid.
33
Anti- Codon
Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.
34
The Nucleolus controls the
synthesis of RNA and other components needed to build ribosomes
35
Ribosome acts as site where
tRNA and mRNA meet protein is synthesized.
36
Protein always contains what four elements
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.
37
In addition to the CHON elements what other element does protein often contain
Sulphur
38
RER stand for?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
39
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Provides a large surface area for chemical reactions to occur upon and a pathway for the the transport of materials.
40
Golgi Apparatus
Processes and packages complex molecules ready for discharge from the cell.
41
Golgi Vesicle
Carries complex molecules to plasm membrane for discharge.
42
The RER is located close to the nucelus so that the mRNA
doesn't have to travel far to reach it.
43
Lysosome
Contains enzymes which digest worn out organelles and microorganisms. Example - Macrophages
44
Nucleus
Contains DNA, the genetic instructions to make proteins and control inherited characteristics.
45
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
plays various roles such as the site of enzyme reactions which produce steroid hormones.
46
Mitochondria
where aerobic respiration occurs, power station of cell
47
An optical microscope can magnify
500,000 times
48
Transcription takes place in the
nucleus
49
Transcription uses what as a template?
DNA
50
The product of transcription is
mRNA
51
Translation takes place in the
ribosomes
52
Translation uses what as a template?
mRNA
53
The product of translation is
tRNA
54
The sub-units used in Transcription are
RNA nucleotides
55
The transcription sequence is determined by
DNA
56
The Translation sub-units used are
RNA & Amino Acids
57
The Translation sequence is determined by
mRNA
58
The number of nucleotide trends present in one molecule of RNA is
1
59
The number of nucleotide trends present in one molecule of DNA is
2
60
In RNA the complementary base pair of Adenine is
Uracil
61
In DNA the complementary base pair of Adenine is
Thymine
62
The name of the sugar present in an RNA nucelotide molecule is
Ribose
63
The name of the sugar present in a DNA nucelotide molecule is
Deoxyribose
64
A triplet of bases is called a
Codon
65
Each amino acid is coded for by
3 bases
66
The first step of Transcription is
DNA becomes unwound
67
The second step of Transcription is
The weak Hydrogen bonds break, DNA molecules unzips and the bases are exposed
68
The third step of Transcription is
The three DNA nucleotides joins with the complementary base pair
69
The fourth step of Transcription is
Weak Hydrogen bonds form between bases
70
The fifth step of Transcription is
Peptide bonds join the phosphate and sugar
71
The sixth step of Transcription is
New daughter DNA molecule winds up into double helix
72
Protein Synthesis is the
transcription of DNA into mRNA
73
The requirements for transcription are:
DNA template, ATP, Enzymes, RNA nucleotides
74
The DNA leaves the nucleus through
a nuclear membrane pore
75
The first step in Transcription is
DNA unzips
76
The second step in Transcription is
Weak Hydrogen bonds break
77
The third step in Transcription is
Free RNA nucleotides line up opposite complementary bases
78
The fourth step in Transcription is
Weak Hydrogen bonds form between bases (Temporary)
79
The fifth step in Transcription is
Strong bonds form between sugar and phosphate of RNA (RNA polymerase)
80
The sixth step in Transcription is
Weak Hydrogen bonds break and mRNA dissociates from DNA
81
Transfer RNA is written as
tRNA
82
An anti codon is complementary to a
codon
83
Requirements for Translation are
mRNA, Ribosomes, tRNA, Amino Acids, Enzymes and ATP
84
2 kinds of cell
prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
85
Prokaryotic cell is a cell
without a nucelus
86
A Eukaryotic cell is a cell
with nucleus
87
Fluid in the rough endoplasmic reticulum helps what travel easily?
Protein
88
A competitive inhibitor is affected by both
Concentration of inhibitor and concentration of substrate
89
A non competitive inhibitor is affected by only
concentration of inhibitor
90
Two types of protein are
Fibrous and globular
91
A fibrous protein is when
Several polypeptides link in parallel lines by bonds between them.
92
3 examples of a fibrous protein are
Elastin used in the wall of large arteries, collagen used in bone and keratin used in hair
93
Globular protein is when
Several polypeptide chains are folded together into a spherical shape.
94
3 examples of globular proteins are
Enzymes, hormones and antibodies
95
The quaternary structure is the fourth structure of protein and occurs when
Different polypeptide chains combine sometimes with a non protein part
96
Muscle fibre is made up of lots of smaller fibres called
Myofibril
97
An example of a conjugated protein is
Haemoglobin
98
When a muscle fibre contracts
actin filaments slide over myosin filaments towards the centre.
99
The thick muscle filament is
Myosin
100
The thin muscle filament is
actin
101
Biochemical reactions that occur inside cells are controlled by
intracellular enzymes
102
Biochemical reactions that occur outside the cells are controlled by
extracellular enzymes
103
Factors that affect enzyme rate are:
Temperature, pH and supply of substrate
104
The number of substrate molecules that can be acted upon by an enzyme is called its
turnover number
105
Complementary base pairs are joined by
weak hydrogen bons
106
In RNA Uracil replaces
Thymine
107
Uracil pairs with
Adenine

Old Higher Human Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions