Unit 1 Flashcards
(177 cards)
0
Q
Drug Effect
A
Pharmacological effect visible response.
1
Q
Drug Action
A
Molecular action of drugs at the recptor
Invisible
2
Q
Drugs Primary Effect
A
The desired effect
Ex: caffeine alertness
3
Q
Drug’s Secondary Effect
A
Side effects
May be positive or negative
Sometimes therapeutic
4
Q
Pharmacokinetics
A
Time course of drug absorption, actions and elimination.
5
Q
Pharmacodynamics
A
Physiologic interactions
Receptor interactions and physiochemical actions
6
Q
Receptor Theory
A
The better a drug fits a receptor the more effective.
Ex: xopenex and it’s stereoisomers
7
Q
Dose Response relationship
A
Measure and compare drugs effects
8
Q
Receptor occupancy
A
Intensity of receptor response, proportional to the fraction of receptors occupied
9
Q
Intrinsic Activity
A
Ability to stimulate receptor once bound
10
Q
Desensitization
A
Decrease the number of receptors or change the way the GPCR ligand interacts with the receptor
11
Q
Hypersensitization
A
Increase number of receptors and hypersensitive from denervation
12
Q
Potency
A
The amount of drug needed to illicit and effect.
A horizontal relationship.
Requires more agonist to illicit same response
14
Q
Antagonist
A
Inhibit the function of an agonist
15
Q
Competitive Antagonist.
A
Can be overcome by an increase in dose.
16
Q
Noncompetative Antagonist
A
Can’t be over come by an increase in dose
17
Q
Mechanisms of noncompetative antagonist
A
Change the receptor
Change the the downstream effect
Example. PPI
18
Q
Enteral Administration
A
Delivery of drug utilizing a portion of the GI tract
Anything from mouth to anus
19
Q
Parentral Drug Administration
A
Administration of a drug that does not involve the GI tract
20
Q
Efficacy
A
The ability of a drug to activate the effector portion of receptor once the drug is bound to the receptor
Vertical relationship.
Variant intrinsic activity
21
Q
Pediculus humanus capitis
A
Head lice. Know Appearance, Classic Presentation, Treatment of environment and patient and any special considerations
22
Q
Pediculus humanus corporis
A
Body Lice. Know Appearance, Classic Presentation, Treatment of environment and patient and any special considerations
23
Q
Pthirus pubis
A
Pubic lice. Know Appearance, Classic Presentation, Treatment of environment and patient and any special considerations
24
Q
condylomata lata
A
highly infectious, moist lesions on genitals during secondary syphilis
25
patchy alopecia
patches of missing hair on scalp from secondary syphilis
26
Treponema pallidum
syphilis. Triphasic infection. Spirochete
27
Gummatous Syphilis
granulomatous lesions with rubbery necrotic center
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Primary Syphilis
Know the initial presentation
29
Secondary Syphilis
Know the symptoms and the possible outcomes
30
Tertiary Syphilis
Early meningitis and late neurosyphilis
31
Meningiovascular syphilis
damage to the blood vessels of the meninges, brain, spinal cord
Part of teritiary syphilis
32
Parenchymal neuralsyphilis
Tabes dorsalis and general paresis
33
Tabes dorsalis
damage to the spinal cord from syphilis that yields damaged sensation and a wide-based gait
34
general paresis
damage to cortical brain tissue from syphilis that yields dementia
35
Argyll-Robertson pupil
Hallmark of of neurosyphilis
Pupils fail to constrict in response to light but constricts to focus on near objects
36
Flocculation Assay
Test for syphilis. Test uses cardiolipin. Positivity decreases with treatment
37
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
patients get flu like symptoms 24 hrs after treatment b/c dead bacteria are more pathogenic than live.
38
Treponema pertenue
Yaws. Tropical disease from overcrowding and poor sanitation. Three phases like syphilis.
39
Treponema carateum
Pinta. Rarer disease that has no constitutional symptoms
40
Thayer Martin Agar
Chocolate agar with addition antibiotics and antifungals
Used to grow neisseria gonorrhoeae
41
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
gonorrhea
42
LOS
Lipo-oligosaccharide
43
purulent exudate
found in the eyes of children with Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections
44
Pelvic Inflammatory disease
mixing of bacteria with refluxed menstrual blood. Infection spreads to the fallopian tubes. Seen in gonorrhea infections
45
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
When gonorrhea or chlamydia travel from the fallopian tube to the liver capsule
46
C. trachomatis
Chlamydia
47
Lymphogranuloma venereum
An ulcer that progresses to a painful swollen lymph node called a buboe from C. trachomatis serovars L1-L3
48
Blinding trachoma
cause of preventable blindness. From Serovars A, B, Ba and C of the C. trachomatis infection
49
Tumor parenchyma
Made up of the tumor cells
Cells we use to make classification
50
Tumor reactive stroma
Connective tissues, blood vessels, that are within the tumor
Makes tumors soft a squishy
51
Adenoma
Benign epithelial neoplasm formed from GLANDS
52
Papilloma
Benign epithelial neoplasm that for papillary structures
53
Cystadenomas
Benign neoplasm that forms an additional cystic mass
54
Papillary cystadenomas
Benign tumor that exhibits both papillary formation and a cystic structure
55
Polyp
Macroscopically visible projection
56
Adenomatous polyp
A polyp that has glandular tissue.
57
Sarcomas
From mesenchymal tissue
58
Leukemias
Tumors from blood forming cells
ALWAYS MALIGNANT
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Lymphomas
Tumors from lymphatic cells
ALWAYS MALIGNANT
60
Carcinomas
Malignant form of adenomas. From glandular, epithelial origins
61
Mixed tumors
When the parenchyma of the tumor isn't from the same origin
62
Pleomorphic adenoma
Has epithelial and myoepithelial cells.
63
Teratoma
Cells from more than one germ layer
From totipotent germ cells
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Anaplasia
Lack of differentiation
65
Pleomorphism
Variations in size and shape
66
Metaplasia
Replacement of one cell type with another
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Dysplasia
Disordered growth. Reversible
68
Carcinoma in situ
Preinvasive neoplasm. Displays malignancy without penetrating the basement membrane
69
Tumor capsule
Surrounds tumor. Mostly ECM (fibroblasts responding to hypoxic state). Makes surgical excision easier
70
Pseudomyxoma peritone
Gelatinous neoplastic mass
71
Sentinel node
First node to receive flow from a primary tumor
72
BRCA
Gene involved with double strand break repair (tumor suppressor). Mutations involved in breast and ovarian cancers
73
P450
Mutation predisposes to lung cancer
74
Hemangioma
Benign tumor in endothelial cells of blood vessels
DOES NOT HAVE A CAPSULE LIKE OTHER BENIGN TUMORS
75
Gliomas and basal cell carcinomas
Metastatic cancers that very infrequently metastasize
76
Hematogenous cancers
More typically sarcomas, leukemias and lymphomas
77
Lymphatic spread
More common for carcinomas
78
Driver mutations
Contribute to development of malignant phenotype.
79
Initiating mutation
Mutation that starts cell down a path to a malignant phenotype
80
Reactive Arthritis
a secondary immune reaction to certain infections such as C. trachomatis
Cant see, Can't pee, Can't climb a tree.
81
HLA B27
Huge indicator for the development of reactive arthritis
82
MYC
drives changes in GENE EXPRESSION that support anabolic metabolism and cell growth
83
Autophagy
state of sever nutrient deficiency in which cells not only arrest their growth, but also cannibalize their own organelles.
84
extrinsic apoptotic pathway
controlled by the CD95/Fas ligang.
Less commonly mutated in cancers
85
intrinsic apoptotic pathway
BAD, BID PUMA encourage apoptosis
BCLs and MCLs inhibit apoptosis
Can be influenced by the extrinisc pathway via caspase 8
86
Burkitt's Lymphoma
A type of B-cell lymphoma caused by a 14;18 translocation. Or with another immunogloulin chain
Chromosome 14 IgH
Chromosome 18 BCL2
87
mitotic crisis
Even when cells are resistant to senescence they can still die when they run out of telomeres and this is called MITOTIC CRISIS
88
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer
Leads to familial carcinoma of the colon
Mutation in MSH2 gene leads to DNA mismatch repair and microsattilite instability.
89
Xeroderma pigmentosum
increased risk of skin cancer from exposure to UV light
Defect in nucleotide excision repair
90
Bloom Syndrome
inability to repair DNA damage because of a mutation in ATM which causes ataxia telangiectasia
91
anoikis
apoptosis induced when a cell detaches from its extracellular matrix.
92
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
9;22 Translocation between ABL and BCR respectively.
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia
8;21 or 15;17 translocation that produces AML;ETO or PML; RARA
94
chromothrypsis
chromosome shattering
95
HPV
Human Papilloma virus that causes ether malignant squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, head, neck or benign genital warts.
Likely a result of DNA integration
96
EBV
Epsetin-Barr Virus can lead to numerous types of tumors including Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal and some gastric cancers.
97
HBV and HCV
Can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma.
98
Heliobacter Pylori
increases cell prolifferation and causes chronic inflammation.
Non invasive but creates CagA that encourages unregulated growth.
99
Acanthosis nigricans
cuta- neous disorder marked by hyperkeratosis and pigmentation of the axilla, neck, flexures, and anogenital region. It is of particular interest because more than half of patients with acanthosis nigricans have cancer. Over 90% of cases occur in association with gastrointestinal carcinomas
100
Nevus
Senescent skin cells
101
Vulva
skin exterior to the hymen
Made up of squamous epithelium
102
Bartholin Cyst
Arises due to inflammation or obstruction of the gland.
Unilateral, painful cystic lesion of lower vestibule
103
Condyloma
Warty neoplasm of vulvar skin
Commonly from low risk HPV 6/11
Rarely progress to carcinoma
104
koilocytes
Binucleated with perinucular halo, characterize condylomas
105
Lichen Sclerosis
thinning of epidermis and bibrosis of the dermis. Presents as a white patch.
106
leukoplakia
white patchy parchment like vulvar skin
107
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
hyperplasia of the vulvar squamous epithelium. Thick leukoplakia
108
Vulvar Carcinoma
carcinoma arising from the squamous epithelium lining the vulva. Rare and presents as leukoplakia
109
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia
dysplastic precursor lesion that has koilocytic change, disordered cell maturation, nuclear atypia, increased mitotic activity
110
Extramammary Paget Disease
malignant epithelial cells in the epidermis of the vulva WITH NO UNDERLYING CARCINOMA
111
Adenosis
Focal persistence of columnar epithelium in the upper vagina
Increased incidence in girls exposed to DES
112
Diethylsilbestrol
causes growth abnormalities in utero
Ex: Adenosis
113
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
malignant proliferation of glands with clear cytoplasm
Can also occur with DES exposure and adenosis
114
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant mesenchymal proliferation of immature skeletal muscle.
BLEEDING AND GRAPE LIKE MASS
115
Sarcoma botryoides
same as a Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma.
Grape-like, bleeder.
116
Vaginal Carcinoma
carcinom from the squamous epithelium of the vaginal wall
117
Exocervix
lined by nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium
118
endocervix
lined by columnar epithelium
119
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
koilocytic change, disordered cell maturation, nuclear atypia and increased mitotic activity of cervical epithelium
120
Cervical Carcinoma
An invasive carcinoma of the cervical epithelium. most commonly seen in middle aged women
121
Endometrium
mucosal lining of the uterine cavity
122
Myometrium
smooth muscle wall underlying the endometrium
123
Asherman Syndrome
secondary amenorrhea due to loss of basalis and scarring. Usually the result of an overly aggressive surgical procedure.
124
Anovulatory cycle
lack of ovulation that causes no progesterone to be released.
125
Acute Endometritis
bacterial infection of the endometrium commonly due to retained products of conception
126
Chronic Endometritis with its four causes
chronic inflammation of the endometrium. Four causes are products of conception, PID, IUD or TB
127
Endometrial Polyp
hyperplastic protrusion of the endomerium
128
Endometriosis
ectopic endometrial tissue that causes pain
129
dysmenorrhea
pain during menstruation
130
chocolate cyst
occurs when material from endometriosis travels to the ovary
131
adenomyosis
when the myometrium is involved in endometriosis
132
Endometrial hyperplasia
hyperplasia of the endometrial glands relative to the stroma
133
endometrial carcinoma
malignant proliferation of the endometrial glands. most commonly presents os post menopausal bleeding.
134
hyperplastic endometrial carcinoma
carcinoma arises to endometrial carcinoma. RF associated with increases in estrogen.
135
Sporadic endometrial carcinoma
carcinoma arises from atrophic endometrium. Often forms psammoma bodies
136
psammoma bodies
calcifications from papillary structures.
137
Leiomyoma
benign tumor from smooth muscle of myometrium
138
leiomyosarcoma
malignant proliferation of smooth muscle from the myometrium. Not from leiomyomas
139
polycystic ovarian disease
multiple ovaraian follicular cysts from hormonal imbalence
140
hirsutism
excess hair in male distribution. As seen in PCOD
141
CA-125
Tumor marker for ovarian tumors
142
dysgerminoma
germ cell tumor from oocyte, clear cytomplasm and central nuclei
143
Cystic teratoma
cyctic tumor composed of fetal tissue from two or three germ layers
144
Endodermal Sinus Tumor
malignant tumor that mimics yolk sac. Have Schiller Duval Bodies
145
Choriocarcinoma
malignant germ cell tumor that mimics placental tissue
146
Embryonal Carcinoma
malignant tumor composed of large primitive cells
147
Granulosa-Thecal Cell Tumor
neoplastic proliferation of granulosa and theca cells
148
Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
may over produce androgen
149
Fibroma
benign tumor of fibroblasts
150
Krukenberg tumor
metastatic mucinous tumor that involves BOTH ovaries, most commonly due to gastric carcinoma
151
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
massive amount of mucous in peritineum due to mucinous tumor of the appendix
152
placenta previa
implantation of the placenta along the lower uterine segment
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placenta abruption
separation of placenta from decidua prior to the delivery of the fetus
154
Placenta Accreta
improper implantation of the placenta into myometrium
155
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
death of healthy infant one month to one year old without obvious cause.
156
Hydatidiform mole
abnormal conception characterized by swollen and edematous villi with proliferation of trophblasts.
157
Galactorrhea
Milk production outside lactation
158
Prolactinoma of anterior pituitary
Common cause of galactorrhea
159
Acute mastitis of the breast
Bacterial infection of the breast usually due to staph aureus
160
Periductal mastitis
Inflammation of the subareolar ducts
161
Mammary duct ectasia
Inflammation with dilation of the subareolar ducts
162
Fat necrosis
Necrosis of breast fat that leads to saponification
163
Fibrocystic change
Development of fibrosis and cysts in the breast
164
Fibrotic ductal hyperplasia
Two times increased risk of invasive carcinoma
165
Fibrotic atypical hyperplasia
Five times increased risk of invasive carcinoma
166
Intraductal Papilloma
Papillary growth that usually occurs in the larger ducts
167
Fibroadenoma
Tumor of the fibrous tissue and glands. Most commonly seen in premenopausal women
168
Phyllodes tumor
Fibroadenoma like tumor that has overgrowth of the fibrous component
169
Ductal Carcinoma in Situ
Malignant proliferation of cells in ducts with no invasion of the basement membrane
170
Comedo type
Histologic classification characterized by high grade cells with necrosis and dystrophic calcification in the center of the ducts
171
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Invasive carcinoma that forms duct like structures
172
Tubular carcinoma
Well differentiated tubules that LACK myoepithelial cells
173
Mutinous carcinoma
Carcinoma with abundant extracellular mucin
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Medullary carcinoma
Large high grade cells growing in sheets associated with lymphocytes and plasma cells
175
Inflammatory carcinoma
Carcinoma in dermal lymphatics with inflamed breast
176
Lobular carcinoma in situ
Malignant proliferation of cells in lobules with no invasion of basement membrane
177
Invasive lobular carcinoma
Invasive carcinoma that usually grows in a single file pattern
