Unit 1 Flashcards
(396 cards)
1
Q
What provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression ?
A
The branches of the facial nerve (VII)
2
Q
What provides sensory innervation to the face?
A
The branches of the trigeminal nerve (V)
3
Q
What are the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve?
A
Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and mandibular nerves
4
Q
What branch of the trigeminal nerve innervate the face and the scalp primarily?
A
The ophthalmic nerve
5
Q
What branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the cheek and the lateral area of the orbit?
A
The maxillary nerve
6
Q
what branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the chin and the temporal region?
A
The mandibular nerve
7
Q
What are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve?
A
LIESS
Lacrimal Infratrochlear External Nasal Supratrochlear Supraorbital
8
Q
what are the branches of the maxillary nerve?
A
IZZ
Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Infraorbital
9
Q
What are the branches of the mandibular nerve?
A
BAM
Buccal
Auriculotemporal
Mental
10
Q
which branch of the maxillary nerve comes out of the eye to innervate the cheek?
A
Infraorbital
11
Q
This nerve is most frequently injured by boxers due to repetitive blows to the face
A
Infraorbital
12
Q
This branch of the mandibular nerve usually innervates the chin primarily
A
Mental
13
Q
This condition is characterized by sudden attacks of severe pain occurring in an area of distribution of the trigeminal nerve
Often due to touch
It is idiopathic
A
Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
14
Q
Which division of the trigeminal nerve has the highest occurence of trigeminal neuralgia?
A
Maxillary division
15
Q
The mandibular division is the _____ most common place for trigeminal neuralgia to occur where as the _____ most common or the _____ common is the ophthalmic division
A
second; third; least
16
Q
What provides sensory innervation to the posterior aspect of the nexk and scalp?
A
The posterior primary rami of Cervical nerves 2-4
17
Q
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the occipital region?
A
Greater occipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C2)
18
Q
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the upper part of the back of the neck?
A
Third occipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C3)
19
Q
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the lower part of the back of the neck?
A
Posterior primary ramus of C4
20
Q
What is supplied by the anterior primary rami of cervical nerves 2- 4?
A
the sensory innervation of the anterior and lateral aspect of the neck
21
Q
From what primary rami is the cervical plexus formed?
A
The anterior primary rami of c1,c2,c3 and c4
22
Q
Which cervical nerves supply sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb ?
A
C5-C8
23
Q
What are the sensory branches of the cervical plexus?
A
GA/S/LO/T
Greater Auricular (GA) Supraclavicular (S) Lesser Occipital (LO) Transverse Cervical (T)
24
Q
What supplies the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear?
A
Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
25
What supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear and also accompanies the external jugular vein?
Greater Auricular Nerve (C2, C3)
26
What supplies the anterior surface of the neck (the throat) ?
The transverse cervical nerve
27
What supplies the lateral surface of the neck, this nerve in particular has 3 subdivisions?
Supraclavicular nerve (C3,C4)
28
What are the 3 subdivisions of the supraclavicular nerve?
Medial Supraclavicular
Intermediate Supraclavicular
Lateral Supraclavicular
29
Where do the motor fibers from the cervical plexus arise from?
The ansa cervicalis
30
What are the parts of the ansa cervicalis?
Superior root - From C1 or C1 and C2
Inferior root- from C2 and C3
This two roots unite to form the ansa cervicalis (C1-c3)
31
What portion of the ansa cervicalis descends from the hypoglossal nerve to join the inferior root?
The superior root of the ansa cervicalis
32
What portion of the ansa cervicalis descends from the cervical nerve branches to join the superior root?
the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis
33
Which muscles are supplied by the ansa cervicalis?
the Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and the omohyoid
34
The thyrohyoid is the 4th infrahyoid muscle and it receives its innervation exclusively from _______
C1 fibers through the hypoglossal nerve
35
Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?
C3-C5
36
What provides motor innervation to the diaphragm and sensory innervation to some of the membranes of the thorax and abdomen?
The phrenic nerve
37
Where can the phrenic nerve be found ?
In the neck lying on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle. running vertically down the msucle and into the thorax
38
What is the origin of the platysma?
Superficial fascia over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
39
what is the insertion of the platysma?
lower border of the mandible and the angle of the mouth
40
What is the function of the Platysma?
Depresses the mandible and draws down the corner of the mouth
41
What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?
Sternal head from the front of the manubrium, Clavicular head from the medial third of the clavicle
42
What is the insertion of the Sternocleidomastoid?
Lateral surface of the mastoid process, lateral half of the superior nuchal line
43
What is the innervation of the Sternocleidomastoid?
Spinal accessory nerve
44
What is the function of the Sternocleidomastoid?
it is the chief flexor of the head
45
What is another name for a pathological contraction of the Sternocleidomastoid?
Torticollis
46
Which type of torticollis results from a fibrous tissue tumor which develops at/or shortly before birth?
Congenital torticollis
47
Which type of torticollis develops due to birth injury?
Muscular torticollis
48
Which type of torticollis is due to abnormal tonicity and often responds well to chiropractic care?
Spasmodic torticollis
49
What is the origin of the Trapezius?
External occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae
50
What is the insertion of the trapezius?
The lateral third of the clavicle, spine of the scapula, and the acromion process
51
What is the innervation of the trapezius?
Spinal accessory nerve and C3-C4 from the cervical plexus
52
What is the function of the Trapezius?
the upper portion elevates, the middle portion retracts, and the lower portion depresses the scapula
53
Which vein drains the face and the scalp, it also happens to contain a large amount of cerebral blood?
External jugular vein
54
Where is the External jugular vein formed?
immediately below the parotid gland
55
What two veins join together to form the External Jugular vein?
The retromandibular and posterior auricular
56
How does the External jugular vein run?
Downward and backward along the lateral surface of the Sternocleidomastoid, and empties into the subclavian vein
57
What are the tributaries of the External jugular vein?
Retromandibular, Posterior Auricular, Posterior External Jugular, Anterior Jugular, Transverse Cervical, and Suprascapular
58
Typically, when venous pressure is normal the External jugular vein is ______ or nearly so topographically
Invisible
59
When dealing with congestive heart failure, or destruction of the superior vena cava, the External jugular vein becomes _____ throughout its length
Prominent
60
Why do Bagpipers and opera singers have prominent external jugular veins?
Due to increased intrathoracic pressure during singing or playing
61
Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes found?
Along the external jugular vein, superficial to the sternocleidomastoid
62
When viewed laterally, the neck is divided into ____ triangles by the Sternocleidomastoid
two
63
The anterior triangle lies ____ of the SCM and the posterior lies ____- the SCM
In front of; behind of
64
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Anterior boundary; The posterior border of the SCM
Posterior boundary: the anterior border of the trapezius
The inferior boundary; The superior border of the middle third of the clavicle
65
Where are the visceral structures of the neck typically found?
In the anterior triangle
66
What are the boundaries of the Anterior triangle?
Superior boundary: the inferior border of the mandible
anterior boundary: the anterior midline
posterior boundary: the anterior border of the SCM
67
Where are the APEX and the ROOF of the anterior triangle found?
the apex of the triangle lies inferiorly at the jugular notch
the roof of the anterior triangle is formed by the investing layer of deep cervical fascia, the superficial cervical fascia and the platysma
68
What are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle?
the submental triangle, the submandibular triangle, the carotid triangle, and the muscular triangle
69
Which one of the subdivisions of the anterior triangle of the neck is the only one which is unpaired?
Submental
70
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
The left and right anterior bellies of digastric, and the body of the hyoid bone
71
What is the floor of the submental triangle?
the mylohyoid muscle
72
What are the contents of the submental triangle?
Minor veins and lymph nodes
73
What are the boundaries of the Submandibular triangle?
The inferior border of the mandible, the anterior belly of the digastric, and the posterior belly of the digastric
74
What is the floor of the submandibular triangle?
The mylohyoid and the hyoglossus muscles
75
What are the contents of the Submandibular triangle?
The submandibular gland, the internal carotid artery, the facial artery, the internal jugular vein, the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve
76
What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
the posterior belly of digastric, the superior belly of omohyoid, and the anterior border of SCM
77
What is the floor the carotid triangle?
portions of the thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, and inferior and middle constrictor muscles
78
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
Parts of the common and internal carotid arteries, the external carotid artery and three of its branches as well as the tributaries of the internal jugular vein.
79
What are the boundaries of the Muscular triangle?
The superior belly of the omohyoid, anterior midline of the neck and anterior border of the SCM
80
What is the floor of the Muscular triangle?
The posterior layer of the Pretracheal fascia
81
What are the contents of the muscular triangle?
Sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus
82
Where is the hyoid bone located?
Between the mandible and larynx
83
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
A point of attachment for many muscles it does not articulate with any other bone
84
What are the parts of the hyoid bone?
Body, greater horn and lesser horn
85
the ______ _____ are four ribbon like muscles which attach to the hyoid bone. They function primarily to move the hyoid bone and the larynx
Infrahyoid
86
What muscles are included in the infrahyoid muscles?
omohyoid. sternohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
87
Which of the infrahyoid muscles make up the superficial layer of the infrahyoid muscles?
the sterno and omohyoid
88
What is the origin of the omohyoid ?
The inferior belly of omohyoid originates from the upper border of the scapula. It ends in an intermediate tendon located deep to the SCM. The superior belly of omohyoid extends upward from this tendon
89
What is the insertion of the omohyoid?
the body of the hyoid bone
90
What is the innervation of the omohyoid?
the ansa cervicalis C1-C3
91
What is the function of the omohyoid?
depresses the hyoid bone and larynx
92
What is the origin of the sternohyoid?
the posterior surface of the manubrium, and the medial end of the clavicle
93
What is the insertion of the sternohyoid?
the body of the hyoid bone
94
What is the innervation of the sternohyoid?
The ansa cervicalis C1-C3
95
What is the function of the sternohyoid?
depresses the hyoid bone and larynx
96
What is the origin of the sternothyroid?
the posterior surface of the manubrium, inferior to the origin of the sternohyoid
97
What is the insertion of the sternothyroid?
the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
98
what is the innervation of the sternothyroid?
The ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)
99
What is the function of the sternothyroid?
Depresses the larynx
100
What is the origin of the thyrohyoid?
the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
101
What is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?
the body of the hyoid bone
102
What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid?
C1 through the hypoglossal nerve
103
What is the function of the thyrohyoid?
depresses the hyoid bone
104
Why do all these muscles depress the hyoid and larynx?
to enable swallowing, speech, breathing, if the hyoid is fixed, digastric would now depress the mandible
105
What is fascia?
a dense sheet like layer of connective tissue
106
What surrounds and supports both the superficial and deep structures of the neck?
cervical fascia
107
What are the two major layers of the cervical fascia?
The superficial and Deep cervical fascia
108
What are the 4 subdivisions of deep fascia?
Investing layer, prethracheal, prevertebral, and the carotid sheath
109
What is the superficial cervical fascia?
a thin layer of connective tissue which encloses the platysma muscle, and contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins and lymph nodes
110
What is the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia?
Layer lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia, and splits to enclose the SCM and trapezius
111
What is the pretracheal fascia?
Layer that encloses the thyroid gland, trachea and esophagus
112
what is the prevertebral fascia?
Layer that enclose the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back
113
What is the carotid sheath?
This layer is a cylinder of fascia which extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck
114
What are the contents of the Carotid sheath?
Common carotid, internal carotid, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and deep cervical lymph nodes
115
What are some of the functions of the fascial layers?
to provide a slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movements of the head and neck, and swallowing.
116
What can adhesions of the fascial layers cause?
Neck pain which could be treated by myofascial release
117
What are some of the clinical features of the fascial layers?
they may be a canal for infection
118
What is the superior thoracic aperture?
The opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax
119
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture:
First thoracic vertebra, first ribs and their cartilages, and the manubrium of the sternum
120
What shape does the superior thoracic aperture take?
Kidney shape
121
What are the major structures which pass through the aperture include the following:
Arteries, veins, nerves and viscera
122
What are the arteries that pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
Brachiocephalic trunk, Left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, and internal thoracic artery
123
What is the vein that passes through the superior thoracic aperture?
Brachiocephalic
124
What are the nerves that go through the superior thoracic aperture?
phrenic, vagus, recurrent laryngeal , and sympathetic trunk
125
What viscera passes through the superior thoracic aperture?
Trachea, esophagus, cervical pleura, apex of lung, and thymus
126
Potential for lung collapse with neck injury might happen if a
broken first rib or penetrating wound on the neck were to happen
127
What gland produces T lymphocytes?
the thymus
128
What is the Thymus composed of and where does it usually lie?
it is composed of two irregular lobes and it lies primarily behind the manubrium and body of the sternum just inferior to the thyroid gland
129
What are the most common extensions of the Thymus?
extensions into the necck around the front and sides of the trachea
130
what muscles lie anterior to the thymus and thyroid gland?
the sternohyoid and sternothyroid
131
What supplies blood to the thymus?
the internal thoracic artery
132
What is the innervation of the thymus?
the stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve
133
What is the thyroid gland?
A shield shaped endocrine organ which produces thyroxine and calcitonin.
134
Where does the thyroid gland lie?
at the level of cervical vertebra 5 through thoracic vertebra 1
135
What are the three parts of the thyroid gland?
Left and right lobe as well as the isthmus which connects both sides
136
Approximately 50% of thyroids have this lobe
Pyramida;l
137
What muscle is found on anatomically varied thyroids?
Levator glandulae thyroidae
138
What arteries supply the thyroid?
superior and inferior thyroid artery
139
Where does the superior thyroid artery come from?
The external carotid
140
where does the inferior thyroid artery come from?
the thyrocervical trunk
141
What is the name for the inconstant branch from the brachiocephalic trunk that supplies the thyroid gland?
Thyroid Ima artery
142
What veins supply the thyroid?
The superior, middle , and inferior thyroid vein
143
Where do the Superior and Middle thyroid vein go to?
The internal jugular
144
Where does the inferior thyroid vein go to?
The brachiocephalic vein
145
What is the innervation of the thyroid gland?
The superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
146
What is goiter?
Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that produces swelling in the anterior neck
147
What is endemic goiter?
a type of goiter that is due to dietary deficiency of Iodine
148
What is exopthalmic goiter?
Goiter due to autoimmune disease, where thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor sites and cause the thyroid to work more
149
What are the parathyroid glands?
endocrine glands that are in involved in calcium homeostasis and are essential to life.
They are small ovoid bodies that are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Usually there are 4 but they could be from 2-6
150
What is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands?
Inferior and superior thyroid arteries
151
What is the innervation of the parathyroid glands?
from inferior or middle cervical sympathethic ganglia
152
What factors contribute to difficulty of thyroid surgery?
The parathyroid glands, the vascularity of the thyroid and the laryngeal nerve
153
Where does the trachea begin?
at the larynx at the level of cervical vertebra 6
154
Where does the trachea split into the left and right main bronchi?
Thorax
155
What are the walls of the trachea supported by?
a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings which are open posteriorly
156
What muscle spans the posterior gap of the trachea?
the trachealis muscle
157
What is the blood supply to the trachea?
the inferior thyroid artery
158
What is the innervation to the trachea?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve
159
What is the esophagus?
a muscular tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach.
160
Where does the esophagus begin?
In the neck at the level of cervical vertebra 6 and lies posterior to the trachea
161
What are the main arteries of the head and neck?
The left and right common carotid arteries
162
Which of the carotid arteries has no branches in the neck and enters the skull through the carotid canal to supply blood to the brain?
Internal carotid artery
163
Which of the carotid arteries is the main source of blood to structures of the neck, face, and scalp?
external carotid artery
164
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
Superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal, and maxillary arteries
165
What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
The superficial temporal and maxillary arteries
166
What is the carotid sinus?
a slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid artery. It is a baroreceptor and is innervated by the carotid sinus nerve which is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
167
What is the carotid body?
A small reddish brown mass located within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.
168
This part of the carotid artery is a chemoreceptor that detects changes in the chemical makeup of blood within the artery and is innervated by the carotid sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
The carotid body
169
What are the two major veins of the neck?
the external and internal jugular veins
170
What is usually the largest vein of the neck?
Internal jugular
171
Where does the internal jugular vein begin?
at the jugular foramen as the direct continuation of the sigmoid sinus
172
What is the superior jugular bulb?
the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen
173
What are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?
inferior petrosal sinus, pharyngeal veins, facial vein, lingual vein, superior thyroid vein, and middle thyroid vein
174
What is the inferior jugular bulb?
the dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic vein
175
Which nerve emerges from the MO and passes through the jugular foramen?
The glossopharyngeal nerve
176
What are the brances of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Tympanic nerve, branch to the carotid sinus, pharyngeal branch, branch to the stylopharyngeseus, tonsillar branch, and lingual branch
177
Which branch of CN9 provides sensory innervation to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland?
Tympanic nerve
178
Which branch of CN9 provides sensory innervation to the carotid sinus and the carotid body?
branch to the carotid sinus
179
Which branch of CN9 unites with branches from the vagus and sympathethic trunk to from the pharyngeal plexus and also provides sensory innervation to the pharynx?
Pharyngeal branch
180
which branch of CN9 provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle?
Branch to the stylopharyngeus
181
Which branch of CN9 provides sensory innervation to the mucous membrane over the tonsil and to the soft palate?
Tonsillar branch
182
Which branch of CN9 supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue?
lingual branch
183
What is the name of the longest cranial nerve which also has an extensive distribution in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen?
The vagus
184
Where does the vagus emerge and exit ?
Emerges from the MO and exits the skull through the jugular foramen along with Cn9 and CN11
185
What are the two vagus ganglia that lie on the neck?
The superior ganglion which is located in the jugular foramen and the inferior ganglion
186
What are the branches of the vagus in the head and neck?
Meningeal, Auricular, Pharyngeal, superior laryngeal branches
187
Which branch of the vagus arises from the superior ganglion and supplies the dura mater with sensory innervation?
the meningeal branch
188
Which branch of the vagus arises from the superior ganglion and provides sensory innervation to the auricle, the floor of the xternal auditory meatus and the tympanic membrane?
the auricular branch
189
Which branch of the vagus arises from the inferior ganglion and is the chief motor nerve to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate?
The pharyngeal branch
190
Most of the fibers that make up this branch of the vagus originate from the cranial part of the accessory nerve and then join up with the vagus
The pharyngeal branch
191
what does the pharyngeal branch join with to form the pharyngeal plexus?
the glossopharyngeal and sympathetic trunk
192
What structure supplies motor innervation for all muscles of the pharynx except the stylopharyngeus and to all muscles of the soft palate except tensor veli palatini?
Pharyngeal plexus
193
Which branch of the vagus arises from the inferior ganglion and then divides into the internal and external laryngeal nerve?
Superior laryngeal nerve
194
Which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the larynx superior to the true vocal chords?
internal laryngeal nerve
195
Which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supplies motor innervation to the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles?
The external laryngeal nerve
196
Which branch of the vagus arises from the portion of the vagus that lies in the thorax and ascends back into the neck? This branch ascends in the groove between the trachea and esophagus and is closely applied to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
197
This nerve (branch of vagus) is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the true vocal folds and to the trachea and has motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
198
What could happen if the recurrent laryngeal nerve suffers unilateral damage (damage to one side) ?
respiratory distress or hoarseness
199
What could happen if the recurrent laryngeal nerve suffers bilateral damage?
complete aphonia and may result in suffocation
200
What could cause damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Trauma during thyroid surgery, goiter, lung tumor, and aortic aneurysms
201
This nerve is formed by the union of two parts (cranial and spinal) and both of these exit through the jugular foramen
Accessory nerve
202
what part of CN-11 originates from the MO and joins the vagus just above the inferior vagal ganglion?
The cranial part
203
What part of the CN-11 originates from the sides of the spinal cord and ascends through the foramen magnum to join the cranial part for a short distance? This portion also supplies motor innervation to the SCM and the trapezius
Spinal portion
204
The cranial portion of CN-11 supplies the vagus with motor fibers which travel in these two branches
The pharyngeal branch of vagus (muscles of pharynx and soft palate)
The recurrent laryngeal (larynx musculature)
205
This nerve originates from the MO and exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal, it will loop downwards and forward lying deep to the posterior belly and intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle. It also supplies motor innervation to the tongue
Hypoglossal nerve
206
What are the branches of the hypoglossal nerve?
Meningeal branches, superior root of ansa cervicalis, nerves to the thyrohyoid and genoihyoid, and the lingual branches
207
These branches of the hypoglossal nerve supply the dura mater
Meningeal branches
208
This branch of CN-11 consists mainly of C1 fibers and unites with the inferior root to form the ansa cervicalis which is motor to the infrahyoid muscles
the superior root of ansa cervicalis
209
These branches of the hypoglossal consist mainly of C1 fibers and they are motor to the thyrohyoid and the geniohyoid muscles
Nerves to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
210
These branches of the hypoglossal are motor to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Lingual branches
211
Which portion of the sympathetic trunk begins at the base of the skull and is continuous with the thoracic part?
cervical portion
212
What gland is one of the three large paired salivary glands and warps around the posterior border of the mylohoyoid?
Submandibular gland
213
Which part of the submandibular gland lies within the submandibular triangle and in the submandibular fossa?
superficial part
214
Which part of the submandibular gland is small, lies superior to the mylohyoid muscle and opens into the oral cavity on the sublingual caruncle (located lateral to the frenulum of the tongue)?
Deep part of the submandibular gland
215
What is the innervation of the submandibular gland?
the parasympathethic fibers from the CNVII via the submandibular ganglion
216
Which is the smallest of the salivary glands?
The sublingual gland
217
Which gland lies superior to the mylhyoid muscle, in the sublingual fossa and empties into the floor of the mouth by 12 short ducts located along the sublingual fold?
Sublingual gland
218
What is the innervation to the sublingual gland?
Parasympathetic fibers from the CNVII via the submandibular ganglion
219
What nerves are associated with the mandible?
Lingual, glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal
220
What blood vessels are associated with the mandible ?
the lingual artery and vein and the facial artery and vein
221
What lymph nodes are associated with the mandible?
the submandibular and the submental gland
222
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
To provide an airway, olfaction, warming and moistening of inspired air, and cleasing of inspired air
223
What is the anatomy of the nasal cavity?
it extends from the nostrils anteriorly to the choanae posteriorly. It is divided into left and right chambers by the nasal septum
224
What are the cervical sympatethic ganglia?
Superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, vertebral ganglion, and cervicothoracic ganglion
225
where does the superior cervical ganglion lie?
At the level of cervical vertebrae 1 - 3 immediately below the base of the skull
226
What are the branches from the superior cervical ganglion?
Internal carotid nerve, superior cervical cardiac nerve, and branches to the pharyngeal plexus
227
What is a relatively large nerve that accompanies the internal carotid artery into the skull?
Internal carotid nerve
228
What are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?
the roof, floor , medial wall (nasal septum)
229
What is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by?
The nasal bone, frontal bone, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the body of the sphenoid bone
230
What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?
the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.
231
Which two bones form the hard palate?
The palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone
232
What forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
the septal cartilage, perpendicular plated of the ethmoid bone ,and the vomer
233
Where does the middle cervical ganglion lie?
at the level of cervical vertebra 6
234
What is the branch of the middle cervical ganglion that goes to the cardiac plexus?
Middle cervical cardiac nerve
235
Which ganglion is variable and often fused with either the middle or inferior cervical ganglion?
vertebral ganglion
236
Which ganglion lies at the 7th cervical vertebral level and gives off a branch to the plexus along the vertebral artery?
Vertebral ganglion
237
Which ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion to the first thoracic ganglion?
Stellate
238
which ganglion lies at the level of cervical vertebra 7 through thoracic vertebra 1 and is located posterior to the vertebral artery and anterior to the transverse process of cervical vertebra 7 and the neck of the first rib?
Stellate ganglion
239
What is the branch that the stellate ganglion gives off?
Inferior cervical cardiac nerve to the cardiac plexus
240
What is the Ansa Subclavia?
a nerve bundle which loops anterior to the subclavian artery, connecting the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion
241
Which is the largest and sturdiest facial bone?
Mandible
242
What are the parts of the mandible?
Body, alveolar process, ramus, angle, condylar process and coronoid process
243
the name for the large horizontal part of the mandible?
Body
244
The name for the upper border of the body of the mandible which contains the tooth sockets or alveoli?
Alveolar process
245
The name for the vertically ascending part of the mandible
ramus
246
The name for the posterior terminus of the body
Angle
247
The name for the part of the mandible which articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint
condylar process
248
The name for the part of the mandible which is the area for attachment for muscles of mastication
Coronoid process
249
What are the features of the internal lingual surface of the mandible?
Superior and inferior mental spine, digastric fossa, mylohyoid line, sublingual and submandibular fossa
250
What is the origin of the digastric?
Posterior belly from the mastoid process, anterior belly from the digastric fossa
251
What is the insertion of the digastric?
Both bellies insert into the hyoid bone by an intermediate tendon which connects them together. The intermediate tendon is strapped to the hyoid bone by a fibrous loop
252
What is the innervation of the digastric?
posterior belly by the cervical branch of the facial nerve, Anterior belly by the nerve to the mylohyoid
253
What is the function of the digastric?
Elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the mandible when the hyoid is fixed
254
What is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle
mylohyoid line
255
what is the insertion of the mylohyoid?
the body of the hyoid bone, median raphe
256
What is the innervation of the mylohyoid
the nerve to the mylohyoid (off of CN V)
257
what is the function of the mylohyoid?
elevates the hyoid bone and floor of the mouth
258
What is the origin of the Geniohyoid muscle?
inferior mental spine
259
What is the insertion of the geniohyiod muscle?
body of hyoid bone
260
What is the innervation of the geniohyoid muscle?
C1 fibers through hypoglossal
261
What is the function of the geniohyoid muscle?
elevates hyoid bone and tongue
262
What is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?
superior mental spine
263
What is the insertion of the genioglossus muscle?
tip and entire undersurface of tongue
264
What is the innervation of the genioglossus muscle?
the hypoglossal nerve
265
What is the function of the genioglossus muscle?
Draws the tongue forward, portrudes the tip of the tongue
266
What is the origin of the hyoglossus muscle?
body and greater horn of hyoid bone
267
What is the insertion of the hyoglossus muscle?
Sides of the tongue
268
What is the innervation of the hyoglossus muscle?
hypoglossal nerve
269
What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle?
Draws tongue downward
270
What is the origin of the styloglossus muscle?
The styloid process
271
What is the insertion of the styloglossus muscle?
The sides of the tongue
272
What is the innervation of the styloglossus muscle?
Hypoglossal nerve
273
What is the function of the styloglossus muscle?
draws tongue upward and backward
274
What is the origin of the stylohyoid muscle?
the styloid process
275
What is the insertion of the stylohyoid?
the body of the hyoid bone
276
What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?
The facial nerve
277
What is the function of the stylohyoid muscle?
Elevates hyoid bone and tongue
278
What is a deviated septum?
when the nasal septum doesnt lie in the medial plane
279
What could cause a deviated septum?
congenital malformations, birth injuries, and postnatal trauma
280
What wall of the nose is formed by the nasal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone,ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone?
Lateral wall
281
What are the structures within the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchas
282
What are the functions of the nasal conchas?
Increase surface area in order to moisten and war inspired air and increases turbulence
283
What is the sphenoethmoidal recess?
a small space located above and behind the superior nasal concha. It receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus
284
What is the superior meatus?
The space below the superior nasal concha. It receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal cells
285
what is the middle meatus?
The space below the middle nasal concha. It receives openings of the frontal sinus, the maxillary sinus, the middle ethmoidal cells and the anterior ethmoidal cells
286
What is the ethmoidal bulla?
a rounded projectoin into the middlle meatus. the middle ethmoidal cells open onto this structure
287
What is the hiatus semilunaris?
a curved slit lying below the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus. The frontonasal duct anterior ethmoidal cells and maxillaryu sinus open into this slit
288
what is the inferior meatus?
the space below the inferior nasal concha. It receives the openin of the nasolacrimal duct
289
What is the nasolacrimal duct?
It connects the lacrimal sac of the orbit to the nasal cavity
290
What is the nasal vestibule?
the area just inside each nostril
291
What does the nasal vestibule contain?
Hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
292
Where is the respiratory region in the nasal cavity?
It encompasses the lower two thirds of the nasal cavity
293
Where is the olfactory region in the nasal cavity?
The superior nasal concha and the upper one third of the nasal septum.
294
What does the olfactory region of the nasal cavity contain?
fibers of the olfactory nerve which pass down through the cribriform plate
295
What is the innervation of the nasal cavity?
sensory- CNI
general sensory is from the branches of the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve
296
what provides autnomic innervation to the nasal cavity?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
297
what is the primary blood supple to the nasal cavity?
Sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery, and the anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic artery
298
What is epistaxis?
nose bleed commonly due to rich vascularity of the nasal cavity
299
What are the two forms of epistaxis?
mild and severe
300
What is epistaxis a result of?
rupture of the sphenopalatine artery at one of its anastemoses
301
Where do the lymph nodes from the nasal cavity drain into?
into the deep cervical nodes`
302
What are the paranasal sinuse?
cavities found within the bones of the face.
303
How do the paranasal sinuses develop?
As outgrowths of the nasal cavity and as a result all of the sinuses are open into the nasal cavity
304
This sinus lies in the frontal bone and opens into the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct
Frontal sinus
305
This is the largest of the paranasal sinuses and lies within the maxilla on each side, lateral to the nasal cavity and inferior to the orbit.
Maxillary sinus
306
This sinus opens into the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus and it is the only paranasal sinus which may be present at birth
Maxillary sinus
307
Which paranasal sinus lies within the sphenoid bone and opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess?
sphenoidal sinus
308
Which paranasal sinus consists of several groups of ethmoidal cells which lie within the ethmoid bone between the orbit and the nasal cavity
Ethmoidal sinus
309
Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells open into?
the superior meatus
310
Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open into?
the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus
311
Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells open into?
the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus
312
What does CSF dripping through the nose indicate?
damage to the cribirform plate
313
what is the roof of the oral cavity?
the palate
314
what is the floor of the oral cavity?
the tongue and the oral mucosa, supported by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
315
what are the anterior and lateral boundaries of the oral cavity?
the lips and the cheeks
316
What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?
oropharyngeal isthmus, demarcated by the palatoglossal arch
317
What are the two parts that the oral cavity is divided into?
oral vestibule and oral cavity proper
318
What is the oral vestibule?
the portion of the oral cavity which lies between the lips and gums, or cheek and gums.
319
What are the openings into the oral vestibules?
labial glands: small salivary glands and parotid duct
320
Which duct opens lateral to the maxillary second molar within the vestibule?
parotid duct
321
What is the oral cavity proper?
the portion of the oral cavity which lies internal to the tooth rows
322
These are two mobile musculofibrous folds which bound the opening of the mouth
Lips
323
What is the philtrum?
The median groove seen externally which extends from the nose to the vermilion border of the upper lip
324
the lips contain the ______ muscle and the ______ glands
orbicularis oris and labial
325
the cheeks contain the _____ msucle and the _____ glands
Buccinator and buccal`
326
What is the palate?
The roof of the mouth as well as the floor of the nasal cavity
327
How is the palate arched?
both transversely and anteroposteriorly
328
What are the two parts of the palate?
Soft and hard
329
What forms the anterior two thirds of the palate?
The hard palate
330
What forms the posterior one third of the palate?
Soft palate
331
What palate forms a bony partition between the nasal and oral cavities?
the hard palate
332
What does the hard palate consist of ?
palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone
333
Which foraminas are contained within the hard palate?
incisive foramen, greater palatine foramen, and the lesser palatine foramen
334
What is the hard palate covered by?
Muscoperiosteum
335
What does the mucoperiosteum present?
a palatine raphe which ends anteriorly in the incisive papilla
336
These folds extend laterally within the mucoperiosteum and aid in gripping food against the tongue during mastication
Transverse palatine folds
337
What is the soft palate?
a mobile fibromuscular fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate
338
when is the soft palate elevated?
during swallowing
339
Why is the soft palated elevated?
To close the opening between the nasopharynx above and the oropharynx below
340
What arches is the soft palate continuous with?
Palatoglossal archa dn the palatopharyngeal arch
341
What is the uvula?
the median projection of the soft palate
342
What is the palatoglossal arch made of?
palatoglossal fold and palatoglossus muscle
343
What is the palatopharyngeal arch made of?
palatopharyngeal fold and the palatopharyngeal muscle
344
Where does the tonsilar fossa lie?
betweeen the palatoglossa and the palatopharyngeal arches on each side and contains the palatine tonsil
345
What is the origin of the musculus uvulae?
posterior nasal spine
346
what is the insertion of the musculus uvulae?
mucous membrane of the uvula
347
what is the innervation of the musculus uvulae?
the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus
348
what is the function of the musculus uvulae?
elevate the uvula
349
what is the origin of the levator veli palatini?
inferior surface of temporal bone
350
what is the insertion of the levator veli palatini?
the aponeurosis of the soft palate
351
what is the innervation of the levator veli palatini?
the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus
352
what is the function of the levator veli palatini?
elevates the soft palate
353
what is the origin of the tensor veli palatini?
the scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate, pharyngotympanic tybe
354
What is the insertion of the tensor veli palatini?
the tendon winds around the pterygoid hamulus and inserts into the aponeurosis of the soft palate
355
what is the innervation of the tensor veli palatini?
mandibular divisiion of trigeminal
356
what is the function of the tensor veli palatini?
tenses soft palate, opens pharyngotympanic tube
357
What is the innervation of the hard palate?
the greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
358
what is the innervation of the soft palate?
the lesser palatine nerve
359
what is the blood supply of the hard palate?
the greater palatine artery from maxillary artery
360
what is the blood supply of the soft palate?
lesser palatine and facial arteries
361
Damage to the left vagus nerve causes the uvula to deviate to the ______ due to paralysis of the musuculus uvulae on the left side and vice versa
right side
362
What is the tongue?
a muscular organ which is attached to the hyoid bone, mandible, styloid process, palate, and pharynx by muscles
363
What are the functions of the tongue?
Taste, mastication, swallowing, and speech
364
What part of the tongue rests against the incisor teeth?
the apex
365
what part of the tongue rests against the teeth and gums on each side?
margin
366
what part of the tongue is the upper surface ?
dorsum
367
The lower surface of the tongue is also known as the ?
inferior surface of the tongue
368
The attached base of the tongue is also known as the
root of the tongue
369
What part of the tongue lies party in the oral cavity and party in the oropharynx?
the dorsum
370
What is a V shaped groove which divides the tongue into the oral and oropharyngeal parts?
The sulcus terminalis
371
What is the name for the foramen located at the apex of the V of the sulcus terminalis and is the remnant of the embryonic thyroglossal duct?
the foramen cecum
372
When we move to the oral part of the dorsum of thetongue what is the shallow groove visible on the surface of thetongue?
median groove
373
What is the name for the lingual papillae that have conical projections withi sharply pointed tips?
filiform papillae
374
what is the name for the lingual papillae which are mushroom shaped and contain taste buds?
fungiform papillae
375
what is the name for the lingual papillae which are arranged in a v shaped row in the front of the sulcus terminale?
vallate papillae
376
what is the name for the lingual papillae which are grooves and ridges along the margin of the tongue, poorly developed in humans?
the foliate papillae
377
What is the name for the mass of lymphoid tissue found on the oropharyngeal surface of the tongue?
lingual tonsil
378
what are the two folds that connect the tongue to the epiglotis?
the median and lateral glossoepiglotic folds
379
what is the vallecula?
the space on either side of the medial glossoepiglotic fold
380
How is the tongue connected to the floor of the mouth?
the frenulum
381
What enters and or leaves through the root of the tongue?
nerves vessels and extrinsic muscles
382
What is the origin of the palatoglossus?
the soft palate
383
What is the insertion of the palatoglossus?
the sides of the tongue
384
what is the innervation of the palatoglossus?
Vagus nerve CN X via the pharyngeal plexus
385
what is the function of the palatoglossus?
elevates back of tongue
386
All the extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossys are innervated by the _______
Hypoglossal nerve
387
What is the clinical importance of the Genioglossus?
It pulls the tongue forward, prevents the tongue from falling backwards blocking the airway and potentially leading to suffocation
388
What is the sensory innervation of the anterior two thirds of the tongue (general sensation)?
through the lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
389
What is the sensory innervation of the anterior two thirds of the tongue (taste)?
through the chorda tympani a branch of the facial nerve
390
What innervates the posterior third of the tongue? (taste and general sensation)
the glossolpharyngeal nerve
391
What artery provides blood to the Tongue?
lingual artery
392
what drains blood from the tongue?
the lingual vein
393
what lymph nodes are found in the tongue?
Submental, submandibularm and deep cervical nodes
394
What is the function of the teeth?
to break down food material during mastication, in order to increase the surface area to facilitate enzymatic activity and absorption
395
What is the hardest substance in the human body and covers the crown of the teeth?
Enamel
396
what is internal to the enamel?
dentin
