Unit 1/3- infectious disease

Question 1

What is the equation for magnification?

Answer 1

Eye piece lens x Objective lens

Question 2

What are some of the risks of the cheek cell experiment?

Answer 2

Glass, disinfectant, stain, microscope, cotton bud

Question 3

Describe the process of the cheek cell experiment

Answer 3

Sterile cotton bud inside cheek, smear over a slide, stain, cover slip at 90 degrees, under microscope

Question 4

Give advantages of a light microscope

Answer 4

Portable, living or dead, inexpensive, simple sample preperation

Question 5

Give disadvantages of a light microscope

Answer 5

Specifics cant be seen

Question 6

Maximum magnification and resolution of a light microscope?

Answer 6

X2000 and 200nm

Question 7

Slide prep process?

Answer 7

Sample on glass slide, methylene blue stain added, cover slip is put on at 90 degrees

Question 8

What are the different types of electron microscope?

Answer 8

Transmisson em, scanning em

Question 9

Disadvantages of an electron microscope?

Answer 9

Expensive, complex sample prep, vacuum required, dead

Question 9

Advantages of an electron microscope?

Answer 9

High magnification and resolution, more can be seen

Question 10

Maximum magnification and resolution?

Answer 10

Magnification- X500,00 Resolution- tem, 0.5nm. Sem, 3-1-nm

Question 11

What is the function of a plasma membrane?

Answer 11

Regulate transport, selectively permeable

Question 12

Function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 12

Cell shape, store chemicals needed for metabolic reactions

Question 13

Function of the nucelus?

Answer 13

Controls activity, genetic material chromatin and proteins

Question 14

Function of the nucleolus?

Answer 14

Synthesis RNA and ribosomes

Question 15

Function of the RER?

Answer 15

Site of protein synthesis, transportation

Question 16

Function of the SER?

Answer 16

Synthesis and storage of lipids and carbohydrates

Question 17

Function of the golgi body?

Answer 17

Recieves proteins and modifies them

Question 18

Function of the vesicles?

Answer 18

Transportation

Question 19

Function of lysosomes?

Answer 19

Breaks down waste material

Question 20

Function of ribosomes?

Answer 20

Protein synthesis

Question 21

Function of mitochondria?

Answer 21

Aerobic respiration

Question 22

Function of centrosomes?

Answer 22

Form spindle fibres during cell division

Question 23

What is the process of protein synthesis?

Answer 23

Instructions are transcribed from DNA to mRNA, mRNA leave the nucleus via pores, Vesicles transport to golgi body, modification, fusion with the cell surface membrane

Question 24

Are pro or Euk small or big?

Answer 24

Pro- small euk- big

Question 25

What are pro made up of?

Answer 25

Peptidoglycogen

Question 26

What are euk made up of?

Answer 26

Cellulose

Question 27

Are pro or Euk made up of membrane bound organelles?

Answer 27

Euk

Question 28

Dna structure of pro?

Answer 28

Free floating

Question 29

Dna structure of euk?

Answer 29

Held in the nucelus

Question 30

Size of ribosomes in euk?

Answer 30

80s

Question 31

Size of ribosomes in pro?

Answer 31

70s

Question 32

are chloroplasts present in pro or euk?

Answer 32

euk

Question 33

Are mitrochondria present in pro or euk?

Answer 33

Euk

Question 34

are golgi, lysosomes, er present in pro or euk?

Answer 34

euk

Question 35

are slime capsule of flagella present in pro or euk?

Answer 35

pro

Question 36

is the cyptoplasm present in pro or euk?

Answer 36

both

Question 37

Describe some functions of neutrophils

Answer 37

Initial response to infection, phagocytosis, medidate inflamation

Question 38

Describe the functions of monocytes

Answer 38

Fighting infection, immune response regulation, wound healing

Question 39

Describe the functions of eosinophils

Answer 39

Protection against pathogens, allergic reactions, cell response

Question 40

Describe the functions of lymphocytes

Answer 40

Prodction of antibodies, immune response regulation, memory cells

Question 41

Describe the functions of basophils

Answer 41

Immune response, allergic reaction, blood flow

Question 42

Mast cells function?

Answer 42

alert system, allergic reaction, immune response

Question 43

Describe the first step in the process of phagocytosis

Answer 43

Detection- forgein antibodies bind to the receptors on the cell surface of phagocytes

Question 44

Describe the second step in the process of phagocytosis

Answer 44

Engulfing- phagocyte moves towards the pathogen. Cytoplasm surronds the pathogen and is engulfed. Sealed into a phagosome inside the cytoplasm

Question 45

Describe the third step in the process of phagocytosis

Answer 45

Lysosomes- contain proteolytic enzymes. Fuse with phagosome and release these enzymes, this breaks down the pathogen

Question 46

Describe how antibodies work

Answer 46

Produced by lympocytes, bind to antigens which contain pathogen and attack them

Question 47

Virus- what karyotic?

Answer 47

Akayrotic

Question 48

Bacteria- what kayrotic?

Answer 48

Porkayrotic

Question 49

Fungi- what kayrotic?

Answer 49

Eukayrotic

Question 50

Protoctista- what kayrotic?

Answer 50

Eukayrotic

Question 51

Disease caused by viruses?

Answer 51

Common cold, flu, covid, hiv

Question 52

Disease caused by bacteria?

Answer 52

Salmonella, tb, ecoli, strep

Question 53

Disease caused by fungi?

Answer 53

Athletes foot

Question 54

Disease caused by protoctista?

Answer 54

Malaria

Question 55

What are some methods of transmission?

Answer 55

Direct or social contact, airbone, contaminated food, bodily fluids

Question 56

Define the term endemic

Answer 56

When an infectious disease is always present in an area

Question 57

Define the term epidemic

Answer 57

A sudden outbreak of disease

Question 58

Define the term pandemic

Answer 58

If a disease spreads across a large area

Question 59

How can transmission be reduced?

Answer 59

Travel restrictions, PPE, immunisation

Question 60

What is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 60

A drug doesnt have an affect on killing bacteria

Question 61

What causes antibiotic resistance?

Answer 61

Defnese, poor infection control, overuse, agriculture

Question 62

What are the problems with antibiotic resistance?

Answer 62

Difficulty treating, allergies to alternatives

Question 63

What are the problems with making new antibiotics?

Answer 63

Expensive, time consuming, high demand, waste, guidelines

Question 64

How can antibiotic resistance be reduced?

Answer 64

New antibiotics, only perscribing when needed, improved sanitsation, educating doctors

Question 65

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 65

Purple stain, peptidoglycon, periplasmic space, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, thick cell wall, penicillin kills

Question 66

Gram negative bacteria

Answer 66

Pink/red stain, lipopolysachoride outer membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycon, periplasmic space, plasma membrane

Question 67

What is vaccination?

Answer 67

Injecting a specific type of dead or weakened pathogen into someone.

Question 68

How does vaccination work?

Answer 68

Injection stimulates immune response, memory cell production occurs

Question 69

What is active immunity?

Answer 69

The body makes its own antibodies

Question 70

What is passive immunity?

Answer 70

Given ready made antibodies naturally

Question 71

Vaccination progamme in the uk?

Answer 71

Age appropriate, cares for the vunnerable

Question 72

What makes a vaccination programme sucessful?

Answer 72

If it creates herd immunity