Unit 1-4,6 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Definition of Sociology
A
Scientific study of social groups, and the human world
2
Q
3 types of sociology
A
Academic, Applied, Public
3
Q
Academic Sociology
A
social service sector, business, marketing, administration
4
Q
Applied Sociology
A
research with a practical and social policy orientation
5
Q
Public Sociology
A
Beyond professionalization to open dialogue with public audience to shape the discipline
6
Q
Reflexivity
A
turning back on yourself, being self-reflective
7
Q
3 Levels of Analysis
A
Micro, Meso, Macro
8
Q
Micro is..
A
Face-to-face behaviours
9
Q
Meso is…
A
Family, communities, and neighbourhoods behaviours
10
Q
Macro is…
A
Large world level structure behaviours
11
Q
Phenomena
A
a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question. Like divorce, job loss
12
Q
Social Background
A
Ethnicity, place of birth, affect personal choice
13
Q
Alternatively
A
Somewhere in the middle is key
14
Q
Main question in sociology
A
How do we balance structure and agency together?
15
Q
Society
A
a group of people living in bounded territory, who share cultural features like, language, values, and norms.
16
Q
What do societies establish?
A
institutions, government, education systems, family structure
17
Q
Structures are…
A
neither wholly independent nor wholly dependent
18
Q
Sui Generis
A
Of its own kind
19
Q
Structuralism
A
looks at enduring patterns and infers something beneath
20
Q
Imagination
A
considers social structures that can be altered it may be in process, subject to depth
21
Q
Civil Inattention
A
pretending like you’re not observing people around you
22
Q
Empirical
A
any knowledge you gain from senses
23
Q
Actual
A
trying to bring the real into the actual so we can see it (observable)
24
Q
Reality
A
Trans-factual
25
Sociological imagination
considers forces beyond our immediate experience towards context
26
Karl Popper
Vienna Circle, challenged hypothetic-deductive method, logical positivism
27
Hypothesis
Bold predictions that produce knowledge gain and are partial and tentative
28
Thomas Kuhn
examined history of science, Paradigmatic revolutions
29
Paul Feyerbend
scientific discoveries include chance, 'anything goes',
30
Roy Bhaskar
reality is divided into three domains, real, actual, empirical
31
Common sense
can be misleading, rarely evidence based
32
Stagecraft
prevalent and the mind is concealed and complex (behaviours are hidden from plain view)
33
Stigma
a social attribute that is discrediting for an individual or group.
34
Research bias
advocacy, economic values, personal, political
35
Ethical challenges
consent, deceit, vulnerable groups, privacy
36
Hawthorne Effect
looking can change behaviour, negatively affect subjects, and skews data
37
Reliability
researchers arriving at the same result under the same conditions
38
Validity
an instrument, such as a survey question, measures what it is intended to measure
39
Causation
action of causing something (matches starting a fire)
40
Social scientific work
assumes that social life is not random, but that events have causes
41
Correlation
the existence of a regular association between two variables
42
Indirect
relationships and interviewing variables are often present
43
Is correlation equal to causation
No!
44
Causal Mechanisms
fall short of explaining what something means to an actor
45
Control
holding something constant to isolate the effects of another
46
Can a correlation become a causal connection by using controls
Yes!
47
Sample
strategic selection of subjects from a population at large
48
Are samples random or typical?
Typical
49
Convenience sampling
whoever is available
50
Snowball sampling
subjects as recruiters
51
Triangulation
to supplement and check on others to produce more reliable findings
52
6 stages of research
1. What is the problem or question?
2. Review existing literature
3. Clearly re-formulate the problem
4. Design – how? (how to get data) (quantitative, qualitative)
5. Research
6. Interpretation and reporting (always)
53
Quantitative
measures phenomena using mathematical and statistical models
54
Qualitative
gathers 'rich' data or in depth understanding of action in social context
55
Mixed
methods blend both, subject to the research question
56
Fieldwork
richer, small scale, harder to generalize
57
Surveys
efficient, large scale, superficial, vulnerable to bias
58
Experiments
controlled, valid, vulnerable to Hawthorne effect, limited scope
59
Documentary
wide range, historical, film and photos
60
Biographical
examines social change through biographies, narrow scope
61
Comparative
examines differences across regions to establish patterns
62
Digital
internet sources, social media, inaccuracies, privacy issues
63
Research questions
Factual- what happened?
64
Comparative questions
why is this happening?
65
Developmental questions
is this happening over-time?
66
Theoretical questions
what underlies the phenomenon?
67
Philip Zimbardo
studied conflicts between prisoners and guards result of personality or differences in character
68
Theodor Adorno
studied the emergence of fascism and the authoritarian personality
69
Herbert Marcuse
studied the difference between real and false needs produced through industrial capitalism
70
Emilie Durkheim
reacted to social upheaval, society is like an organism, structural and functional, found pattern in suicide
71
Mechanical solidarity
homogenous communities, where individuals are subsumed within the collective
72
Organic solidarity
extensive division of labour and cohesion rests on heterogeneity, or interdependent roles
73
Talcott Parsons
systems theory, promote consensus - negative and positive, external and internal
74
Adaptation
adaptive to the environment (economic)
75
Attainment functions
integrated with other systems, or coordinated (community)
76
Latency functions
socialization that preserves and transmit values and culture to new members, never typically conscious (formal and informal education)
77
Robert K Merton
manifest/latent functions
78
Manifest
observable consequences of action, latent functions are unspoken and assumed
79
Latent
explain persistent patterns even when manifest functions are more 'rational'
80
Dysfunctional forces
can have latent functions that support cohesion
81
Merton
tried to balance the micro with the macro through Meso level analysis
82
Functionalism
leans toward normalization (to conserve), while failing to perceive that cohesion/consensus can be imposed
83
Max Weber
focused on meaningful human activity or actions that are oriented to the real world and others
84
Naturalism
Also known as materialism or scientism, a philosophical argument that the world is comprised of matter, differently modified
85
Auguste Comte
Invented the word "Sociology
86
Positivism
Science should only be concerned with observable, form which laws are inferred
87
3 phases
Theological, Metaphysical, Positive
88
Theological
religious thinking, belief that society was an expression of god
89
Metaphysical
society came to be seen in natural rather than supernatural terms
90
Positive/scientific
encouraged the application of scientific methods
91
Hebert Spencer
social evolution was in process of functional adaptation
92
Karl Marx (Capitalist)
focused on changes associated with the industrial revolution and growing inequality between capitalist and industrial classes
93
Max Weber (Interactionist)
focused on meaningful human activity or actions that are oriented to the real world and others
94
Harriet Marinteau
first woman sociologist
95
Symbolic interactionism
focuses on micro-level interactions and the ways in which meanings are constructed and transmitted
96
Phenomenology
an actor-centred perspective which deals with the ways in which social life is actually experienced
97
Typification
helps to order our world and make it more predictable and therefore ‘safe’
98
Ethnomethodology
the systematic study of the methods used by ‘natives’ (members of a particular society) to construct their social worlds
99
intersectionality
the ways in which divisions of class, gender and ethnicity combine to produce complex forms of social inequality
100
Middle/dark ages
human expansion political/financial unrest, violence, scholasticism
101
Scientific reformation
science as autonomous discipline in Europe that synthesized observation – folkways were still prevalent
102
Protestant reformation
rationalization, personalization/separation of belief.
103
Enlightenment
European intellectual movement that celebrated reason, leading to revolutions in philosophy, art, politics, etc.
104
Industrial Revolution
rapid scientific/technological and industrial development. Brought disease, pollution, and crowding
105
French Revolution
end of European agrarian society, absolute monarchies, and tradition – freedom, rights, reason, etc.
106
Theodor Adorno
studied the emergence of fascism and the authoritarian personality
107
Jurgen Habermas
considered communicative action, where we expect that our speech acts are understood
108
Frugality
refusal to personally accumulate wealth (asceticism), driving reinvestment
109
Rationalization
A progressive mental process that seeks to master reality and disconnected events
110
Practical rationality
precise means-end calculation
111
Theoretical rationality
mastering reality through precise abstract concepts
112
Substantive rationality
orders action into patterns through consistent value postulates
113
Formal rationality
structures of domination that legitimate other forms of rationality (legal, scientific)
114
Bureaucracy
outcome of growing rationalization, or decision made without regard to persons or their qualities
115
Georg Simmel
Sociation- attractive and repulsive forces produce society as we know it
116
George Mead
Symbolic interactionism- the social self is produced through interaction and is not biologically given
117
Herbert Blumer
Argued that reality is comprised of individual’s and their interactions
118
Erving Goffman
Dramaturgy- when social actors preserve their ‘face’ trough stagecraft, participating in the sacred ritual of interactions
119
Harold Garfinkel
Breaching experiments- we are more than ‘cultural dopes’
120
Sedimentation
the process through which repetition of patterned interaction solidified the pattern beneath consciousness
121
Ibn Khaldun
Tunisian scholar studied nomadic/sedentary societies to understand the rise and fall of Arab states and stat formation
122
Du Bois
black civil rights activist who studied the colour line in the US, including segregation, urban poverty, racism, etc.
123
Sara Delamont
feminist perspective challenged ‘malestream’ sociology and the gendered world
124
Donna Haraway
Challenging gender classifications as unfixed categories or inherited institutional forms
125
Intersectionality
examines how divisions in class, gender, and ethnicity combine or intersect to produce complex social forms, including inequality
126
Postmodern
In the absence of absolute or inherent knowledge (metanarratives), only power games remain.
127
Micel Foucault
Studied the emergence of sexuality, carceral mechanisms, and technology as instruments of control
128
Jean Baudrillard
Simulacra
129
Decolonizing Sociology
Works to eliminate the Eurocentric telos and assumed progress of society
130
Norbert Elias
Figurations- we live in networks of relations, so we both autonomous and governed by these networks that define identities
131
Anthony Giddens
Structuration- individual actin makes and remakes the social structures that govern daily life.
132
Globalization
refers to a set of processes that bind societies through interdependence and a global consciousness
133
Imanuel Wallerstien
Developed a modern world-system theory, based on a Marxist perspective
134
Colonialism
the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country
135
Imperialism
a situation in which one country has a lot of power or influence over others
136
Hyperglobalizers
the rapid production of a new global order, based on trade and production
137
Socio-cultural
The international spread of culture and idea
138
Tourist gaze
expanding cultural interest and the professionalization of exotic experience.
139
Ethnicity
a source of identity whose basis lies in society and culture
140
Backlash
the rise of populism and nationalism
141
Ethnocentrism
suspicion of “outsider” and their evaluation in term of your own culture
142
Group closure
restrictions on social contact, intermarriage, trade, and proximity
143
Prejudice
preconceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group toward another
144
Scapegoating
form of attack, usually toward ethnic minorities who experience similar economic conditions
145
Discrimination
Prejudice in action
146
4 models of migration
classical, colonial, guest worker, unauthorized
147
models of ethnic migration
assimilation, melting pot, cultural pluralism
148
Global inequality
Systematic differences in wealth, income, and working/living conditions across countries
149
Absolute poverty
conditions that do not meet the minimum requirements necessary to sustain health/life
150
Relative poverty
conditions relative to the overall standard of living in a given society
151
best predictor of life chances?
place of birth
152
GDP
Gross domestic product
153
GNI
Gross national income
154
HDI
human development index
155
World bank
a major tracker of global inequality
156
Cornucpoian
theories of capitalist development
157
Market oriented
outcomes improve as governmental constraint decreases
158
Dependency
the growth of world capitalism and power imbalance creates powerless countries
159
State-centered
state policies can stimulate economic growth and development
160
Futurology
forecasts of mass starvation were once common but failed
161
