Unit 1

Question 1

Adaptations

Answer 1

Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

Question 2

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 2

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from another.

Question 3

Analogous Structures

Answer 3

Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution not homology.

Question 4

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 4

• An example of Genetic Drift
• Size of population is reduced
  
  • By natural disaster/human action
• Surviving population does not represent the original population (genetically)

Question 5

Clades

Answer 5

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

Question 6

Cladistics

Answer 6

• Organisms are placed into groups

- based on common descent

Question 7

Conjugation

Answer 7

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer

Question 8

Convergent Evolution

Answer 8

Process in which unrelated species from different environments have adaptations that seem very similar.

Question 9

Directional Selection

Answer 9

• One extreme is favored or another
  
  • To reproduce/survive
• Intermediate is never favored

Question 10

Divergent Evolution

Answer 10

When two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

Question 11

Disruptive selection

Answer 11

• Both extremes are favored
  
  • To survive/reproduce
• Intermediate is not favored

Question 12

Endosymbiont Theory

Answer 12

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

Question 13

Evolution

Answer 13

• Descent with modification

- The change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

Question 14

Founder Effect

Answer 14

• Genetic Drift
• When individuals are isolated from a larger population and form a new population
  
  • Not reflective of original population

Question 15

Gene Flow

Answer 15

• The transfer of alleles from one population to another.

- Immigration/Emigration

Question 16

Gene Pool

Answer 16

All the genes/alleles present in a population

Question 17

Genetic Drift

Answer 17

• A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
• More pronounced in sub populations

Question 18

Hardy-Weinberg Conditions

Answer 18

• Extremely large population
• No Gene Flow
• Random Mating
• No Mutations
• No Natural Selectoin

Question 19

Hardy-Weinberg Equations

Answer 19

p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1

p + q = 1

Question 20

Hardy- Weinberg Variable P

Answer 20

Homozygous Dominant

Question 21

Hardy-Weinberg Variable Q

Answer 21

Homozygous Recessive

Question 22

Hardy-Weinberg Variable 2PQ

Answer 22

Heterozygous

Question 23

Heterozygous Advantage

Answer 23

• Preserves generation in a gene pool

- Maintains recessive alleles in a populatoino

Question 24

Homologous Structures

Answer 24

• Similar structures in different species

- Due to common ancestors

Question 25

Natural Selection

Answer 25

- Individuals with certain inherited traits survive and reproduce - Survival of the fittest

Question 26

Nitrogen Fixation

Answer 26

Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

Question 27

Phylogeny

Answer 27

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 28

Relative Fitness

Answer 28

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.

Question 29

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 29

The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring.

Question 30

Shared Derived Character

Answer 30

An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.

Question 31

Speciaton

Answer 31

An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species.

Question 32

Species

Answer 32

- A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. - Sometimes different species can not reproduce

Question 33

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 33

- Intermediate trait is favored | - Acts against extreme phenotypes

Question 34

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 34

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.

Question 35

Vestigal Structures

Answer 35

- A structure that is present in an organism | - No longer serves its original purpose