unit 1

Question 1

Apraxia of Speech

Answer 1

neurologic disorder that reflects an impaired ability to plan or program movements for speech

Question 2

dysarthria

Answer 2

collective name for group of neurologic speech disorders*, reflect abnormalities in strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of speech movements

Question 3

CNS (composed of what?)

Answer 3

brain and spinal cord

Question 4

PNS (composed of what?)

Answer 4

cranial, spinal, and peripheral autonomic nerves

Question 5

strong membranes (meninges) anchor the brain and spinal cord to the skull and vertebrae

Answer 5

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 6

spaces around the meninges

Answer 6

epidural, subdural, subarachnoid spaces

Question 7

diseases capable of producing MSDs involving meninges and spaces stem from what?

Answer 7

infection, venous vascular disorders, hydrocephalus, or trauma w/ hemorrhage & edema

Question 8

tracts

Answer 8

bundles of axons following similar path

Question 9

nuclei

Answer 9

functionally related nerve cell clusters

Question 10

damage in response to ischemia (deprivation of o2… ex/ stroke)

Answer 10

2-5 mins.. may be acute swelling of neurons followed by shrinkage, then cell loss

Question 11

damage in response to motor neuron diseases

Answer 11

degeneration of motor neurons (ex/ ALS, progressive bulbar palsy)

Question 12

damage in response to demyelinating disease

Answer 12

myelin is attacked/broken down; MS, guillain-barre syndrome

Question 13

CNS structures

Answer 13

diencephalon, basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord

Question 14

diencephalon structures

Answer 14

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 15

thalamus

Answer 15

integrates sensation from all sensory systems (except olfaction); also serves motor and autonomic fx’s

Question 16

hypothalamus

Answer 16

controls emotional bx (rage, aggression); regulates body temp; controls pituitary gland & hormone release

Question 17

basal ganglia structures

Answer 17

caudate nucleas, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus,

Question 18

basal ganglia fx’s for motor activity depend on balance of…

Answer 18

neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, gammaaminobutric acid)

Question 19

ex’s of basal ganglia

Answer 19

• regulate & control motor movements and muscle tone
• initiate movement
• give expression to motor movements
• influence posture
• automatic & skilled movements
• facilitate wanted movements
• inhibit unwanted movements

Question 20

results of damage to basal ganglia

Answer 20

• difficulty initiating/restricted voluntary movements
• muscular rigidity, tremor, gait,
• hypokinetic dysarthria
• hyperkinetic dysarthria

Question 21

hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 21

rigidity, difficulty initiating movement (Parkinsons)

Question 22

hyperkinetic dysarthria

Answer 22

involuntary movements (chorea athetosis

Question 23

basic expressive comm. model (5 levels)

Answer 23

1) cognitive/conceptualization
2) lingustic (lang.) planning
3) motor planning/programming
4) speech production
5) feedback

Question 24

3 types of motor acts

Answer 24

1) autonomic (beating of heart)
2) reflexes (automatic responses)
3) voluntary (speaking, walking)

Question 25

acquired apraxia

Answer 25

lesion to broca's or surrounding FL, CVA is common cause; characterized by groping & short automatic speech

Question 26

CAS

Answer 26

motor planning deficit, no lesion, often difficult pregnancy/birth,

Question 27

speech characteristics of CAS

Answer 27

groping, better short speech, young- even easy phonemes /b, m, p/ errors

Question 28

speech characteristics of acquired apraxia

Answer 28

\groping & short automatic speech

Question 29

UMNs

Answer 29

stay w/in CNS, originate in cerebral cortex & descend to cranial nerve nuclei in brain stem or ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 30

Are UMNs part of direct or indirect motor pathways?

Answer 30

both!

Question 31

where are synapses in coricospical tract?

Answer 31

1 synapse (monosynaptic) w/ spinal verves via motor nuclei in spinal cord

Question 32

where are synapses in corticobulbar tract?

Answer 32

synapse is w/ cranial nerve nuclei at different levels of brain stem

Question 33

corona radiata

Answer 33

fanlike mass of fibers from coricobulbar and corticospinal tracts; in basal ganglia/thalamus; converges into compact band known as internal capsule

Question 34

UMN innervation

Answer 34

primarily bilateral (except lower face and some degree of tongue)

Question 35

Why is unilateral UMN damage not as profound as with LMN lesions?

Answer 35

because UMNs have bilateral innervation... weakness is on opposite side of body in this type of damage

Question 36

two loops

Answer 36

basal ganglia control circuit & cerebellar circuit

Question 37

lesion in cerebellar results in

Answer 37

poor coordination

Question 38

damage to indirect pathway results in

Answer 38

reflexes and spasticity

Question 39

bilateral innervation occurs in these cranial nerves

Answer 39

vagus, trigeminal, and upper facial

Question 40

unilateral innervation

Answer 40

lower 7 ; hypoglossal

Question 41

Where does damage occur for flaccid dysarthria?

Answer 41

damage to cranial nerves, LMNs, or at neuromuscular junction

Question 42

characteristics of flaccid dysarthria

Answer 42

weakness, muscles will atrophy over time... the system affected will depend on nature of disorder (ex/ peripheral trauma may only affect larynx or lower face)