Unit 1

Question 1

Factors that speed up reactions

Answer 1

Particle size - the smaller the particle size, the faster the reaction
Concentration - the greater the concentration, the faster the reaction
Temperature - the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction
Catalysts - speed up reactions ( not used up) IRON IN MAKING AMMONIA

Question 2

Average rate of reaction

Answer 2

rate =change in concentration

time taken for change

Question 3

Atomic structure

Answer 3

PROTON- positive charge(1amu)
NEUTRON- no charge(1amu)
ELECTRON- negative charge(no mass)

Question 4

Atomic number

Answer 4

number of protons(or electrons) in the atom

Question 5

Mass number

Answer 5

number of protons + number of neutrons

Question 6

Isotope

Answer 6

same atomic number, different mass number

Question 7

Bonding

Answer 7

IONIC- a metal element joined to a non-metal element
- metal atom LOSES electrons
- non-metal GAINS electrons
- the oppositely charged ions are the attracted to each other
COVALENT- two or more non- metals joined together
- atoms donate 1 single unpaired electron to achieve a “shared bond”(giving both atoms a full outer shell)

Question 8

Diatomic elements

Answer 8

• They always exist as 2 atoms gained together

Hydrogen, Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Question 9

Molecular shape (2D)

Answer 9

LINEAR - x-x

V SHAPED - x x
x

PYRAMIDAL- x- x -x
x

TETRAHEDRAL- x
x- x -x
x

Question 10

Molecular shape (3D)

Answer 10

Dash- a bond going behind the paper
Wedge- a bond coming out the paper
Lined- a bond in the plane of the paper

Question 11

Covalent networks

Answer 11

• high melting/boiling points
• diamond(carbon)
• sand(silicon dioxide)

Question 12

Conductivity

Answer 12

• all metals conduct in any state
  all non- metals do not, with the exception of carbon in the form of graphite
  IN ORDER FOR ELECTRICITY TO FLOW, IONS(ELECTRONS) MUST BE FREE TO MOVE

Solid ionic- DO NOT CONDUCT
Molten ionic- DO CONDUCT
Dissolved ionic- DO CONDUCT

Question 13

Chemical prefixes

Answer 13

MONO-1 
DI-2
TRI-3
TETRA-4
PENTA-5
HEXA-6
HEPT-7
OCT-8

Question 14

Cross over method (covalent)

Answer 14

Group no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0

Question 15

Cross over method (ionic)

Answer 15

Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0
Charge 1+ 2+ 3+ 0 3- 2- 1- 0

Question 16

Complex ions

Answer 16

Use date book

charge is used as valency

Question 17

Transition metals

Answer 17

-valency is given as a roman numeral

IF IT DOESN’T TELL YOU, ASSUME IT’S 2

Question 18

Writing equations

Answer 18

• ide= just the element before it

- ite/-ate= element + oxygen

Question 19

Gram formula mass

Answer 19

Li2O
| |1x16=16
| 2x7=14_____
30g

Question 20

Acids

Answer 20

• have a pH in the scale of 0-6
• have a high concentration of H+ ions
• reds/oranges/pink

Question 21

Alkali

Answer 21

• have a pH in the scale of 8-14
• have a high concentration of OH- ions
• blues/purples

Question 22

Acids and alkalis to remember

Answer 22

ACID FORMULA
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Nitric acid HNO3
Sulphuric acid H2SO4

ALKALI FORMULA
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
Potassium Hydroxide KOH
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2

Question 23

Metal oxide neutralisation

Answer 23

Metal Oxide + Acid——- Salt + water

Question 24

Metal carbonate neutralisation

Answer 24

Metal Carbonate + Acid ——— Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

Question 25

Spectator ions

Answer 25

- an ion that DOES NOT take part in a reaction(will go into a reaction, and come out UNCHANGED)