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Optics 515 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Light

A

The physical entity that the human organ of vision is sensitive to

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2
Q

Optics

A

The scientific field that investigates light through the effects of propagation, its interaction with matter, as well as of its creation and detection

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3
Q

Evidence based science

A

proposes models which are subject to check, to be verified or rejected, until proven otherwise

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4
Q

Principle of Least Action

A

Light will travel in the easiest route

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5
Q

First optics scientist

A

Hero of Alexandria

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6
Q

ptolemy

A

refraction of light, seen by rays of light from eyes

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7
Q

Lucretius

A

corpuscular nature, light and heat emitted from the sun

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8
Q

Alhazen’s Analysis

A

Visual discrimination, perception, and conception

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9
Q

Father of Modern Optics

A

Johannes Kepler, the Keplarian Turn

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10
Q

Newton

A

light is particle

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11
Q

Huygen

A

Light is wave

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12
Q

Huygens Principle

A

Light emits waves, each point that the wave touches, a smaller wave forms in the same direction and speed

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13
Q

Young’s experiment

A

Light is a wave. Interference

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14
Q

Michelson

A

Light is an electromagnetic wave

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15
Q

What causes lights in electrons

A

electrons changing positions

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16
Q

Black Body Radiation

A

Absorbs all light, can emit it just as easily, no UV catastrophe

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17
Q

Photoelectric Effect

A

something wrong with EM theory

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18
Q

Quantum energy

A

Not continuous, = h x v

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19
Q

Planck’s Constant

A

h=6.626 x 10^-34 JoulexSec

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20
Q

1eV =

A

1.6x10^-19 Joule

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21
Q

Charge of en electron

A

1 eV or 1.6x10^19 Joule

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22
Q

When incoming light hits medium, emitted light is

A

not faster, electrons not faster, but you can have more

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23
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

also called photoemission. production of electrons or other free carriers when light is shone onto a material. No emission with red. Electrons are emitted instantly, even with light with small wavelength (blue). Increase in intensity is related to increase in the number of ejected electrons, but not to their kinnetic energy. Speed increase only with larger frequency. KE in linear relation to light freq

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24
Q

Energy of Photon

A

E=h x v. h=planck’s 6.626x10^-34, v=frequency

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25
Wave
Matter duality. Any wave is also a particle , any particle is also wave.
26
Photon properties
Energy, momentum, wavelength, frequency. The photon is also a wave
27
The experimental evidence for the nature of the light converge in that the nature that dominates between corpuscle and wave is:
both
28
What types of waves are there?
transverse and longitudinal, cannot be both, one or the other
29
What must the equation have for it to be a wave?
time and space
30
wave equation
y=y(z,t)=y(vxt-z)
31
scalar
magnitude only
32
vector
magnitude and direction
33
electric field
a distribution of electric field intensity. Force on a unit charge
34
Electromagnetic field
interdependent, non-static electric and magnetic fields
35
Electric field and magnetic field orientation
ALWAYS perpendicular to each other. S(direction of propagation)=electric field X Magnetic field
36
What is the simplest wave?
harmonic
37
wave equations must have?
time and space
38
Frequency (v)
determined by the source, DOES NOT CHANGE
39
Wavelength (lambda)
from peak to peak or trough to trough
40
Phase
The internal clock of the disturbance
41
Wavevector
Expresses the rate of phase propagation, similar to wavelength but it is vector
42
Field intesity
E, scalar
43
Apmlitude
The max of the field intensity. highest, vector.
44
What does not change as an electromagnetic wave propagates?
frequency
45
IR light
fields
46
UV light
fluorescence
47
speed of light?
3x10^8. c=v x wavelength
48
to find the speed of light in any other medium what is dependent?
wavelength, it will always be less than the speed of light
49
refractive index
speed/speed, unitless. always greater than 1. Dependent on material properties and wavelength
50
refractive index for water
1.333
51
what is the speed of light in a medium with refractive index n=2?
3x10^8/2=1.5x10^8
52
When talking about refractive index, what is important to always mention?
the material
53
Optical path length
multiply by refractive index if going through medium, will be longer than the actual path traveled.
54
higher refractive index...
thinner lens
55
1 rad
360/2pi degrees=57.3 degrees
56
1 degree
0.0175 rad, 1/360 of circle
57
1 arcminute
1/60 degree
58
1 arcsecond
1/60 minute
59
the line at 20/20
separated by one arcminute
60
radian
measure the angle from a 1D line from a 2D space
61
Steradian
angular area of a 2D surface about a 3d space. arc/radius
62
radiometry
scientific, quantifies radiation across the EM spectrum, employs physical constants
63
photometry
eye, quantifies radiation in the visible, weighted to human eye resonse
64
measurement of light with physical terms
actinometry, radiometry
65
measurement of light considering vision
photometry, chromatometry
66
units of energy
Joule
67
Units of Power
energy/time. Watts, 1W = 1 J/s
68
Units of power density
Power/surface area, W/m^2
69
Radiometric Quantities
Radiant Power (W), Power per unit surface area (W/m^2), Power per unit solid angle (W/sr), Power per unit surface area and per unit solid angle (W/m^2-sr)
70
Photometric Quantities
Luminant Power (Lumen), Power per unit area (Lux), Power per unit solid angle (Candela), Power per unit area [surface] and per unit solid angle (Nit)
71
Nature of waves
Spread out in space (diffraction) and can pass through obstacles and may be added with other waves (superposition)
72
Nature of particles
Move in a straight line due to inertia, unless a force is exerted upon them.
73
Rays
A physical entity that does not exist. When passing through a small aperture continue their trajectory without any change. Idealized model of light that corresponds to the direction of propagation
74
for a wave to exist..
must be subjected to a disturbance.
75
what waves do not require a medium?
gravatational and electromagnetic. can propagate in vacuum
76
in what type of fields can forces be exerted
dynamic
77
unit of frequency
Hertz
78
angular frequency
w=2pi x v
79
What units do we use for wavelength in respect to light?
micrometers and nanometers
80
visible light spectrum
4.3x10^14 Hz (red) to 5.7x10^14 (blue)
81
in relation to the visible, the UV frequencies are
larger
82
spherical wave
wavefronts are spherical, a succession of concentric spheres centered on the source
83
Plane Wave
wave fronts are parallel planes and rays are collimated
84
converging rays
spherical
85
What's the difference between geometric optics and wave optics in reference to light passing through the aperture?
In geometric optics, light does not diverge, creating a shadow. In wave optics, then according to Huygens rule, a source of secondary waves, which results in a diffraction distribution pattern.
86
what is the smallest quantic entity in which we can slice a light wave?
Photons
87
What is the key feature of the photon?
energy, which is proportional to its frequency
88
the experimental evidence for the nature of light shows that the dominant nature is:
both
89
rectilinear
light rays propagate in straight paths
90
penumbra
created if the light source is not a point, much smaller than the object. Makes silhouette of shade not so clear
91
transparency
physical property of a medium that allows light to transcend it. It is a measure of the percentage of light, of specific wavelength range, that transcends through this medium. No absolute transparency. dependent on the medium's properties, as well as on the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave
92
dielectrics
optical media in which light can propagate
93
opacity
opposite of transparency
94
transluscency
prevents perception of distinct images behind it. frosted glass. diffusion
95
What does optical media do to light?
slows it down. the larger the refractive index, the slower light propagates through it.
96
index of refraction
= c/u
97
what is the range of RI of glass?
1.4-1.9
98
how are wavelength and refractive index related?
inversely
99
what range of energies does a photon correspond to in the visible light range?
1.65 and 3.1 eV
100
microwaves
1mm-3cm. photon energies of 0.00001 to 0.001 eV
101
radiowaves
few cm to hundreds of meters. long antennas.
102
Infrared
few micrometers to mm. heat or thermal radiation, higher temp, more infrared
103
Ultraviolet radiation
300nm to a few nm. 3.5-124 eV Radiation in the 300nm range can cause biological tissue damage
104
Xrays
photoionization. few nm to 0.000001nm
105
gamma rays
high frequency EM radiation. small wavelength. 100keV wavelengths less than 10pm.
106
Isotropic
a theoretical source that radiates evenly to all directions. Point source should be less than 1/10 of the observation distance.

Optics 515 (8 decks)

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