unit 1

Question 1

Quantitative data?

Answer 1

numerical measurements of quantity or amount

Question 2

Qualitative data?

Answer 2

in textual or narrative from

Question 3

4 non experimental methods

Answer 3

observations, self-reports, case studies and correlations

Question 4

Strengths of quantitative data

Answer 4

easy to analyse, as it can easily be placed in graph form. Also, its easy to compare

Question 5

Weaknesses of quantitative data

Answer 5

lacks detail, unable to identify feelings, opinions and individual thoughts

Question 6

Strengths of qualitative

Answer 6

Very detailed, can find out thoughts, feelings and opinions

Question 7

Weaknesses of qualitative

Answer 7

difficult to analyse, participants responses may be biased by the researchers own thoughts and feelings

Question 8

6 ethical issues

Answer 8

informed consent, deception, confidentiality, debriefing, withdrawl, protection of participants

Question 9

random sampling?

Answer 9

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 10

strengths of random sampling

Answer 10

gives the most unbiased results, most generalised to population

Question 11

weaknesses of random sampling

Answer 11

difficult to gain access to names of all members of the target population

Question 12

Weakness of opportunity sampling

Answer 12

biased sample as people are likely to be culturally and ethnically similar, may be unable to generalise findings to all members of the target population

Question 13

strengths of opportunity sampling

Answer 13

quick and convenient, useful for studies where similar characteristics are needed

Question 14

self selected weakness

Answer 14

volunteers may be more confident so unlikely to be representative and cannot be generalised

Question 15

self selected strengths

Answer 15

quick and convenient, less likely to drop out

Question 16

weakness of snowballing

Answer 16

likely to be biased as they have similar characteristics, less representative

Question 17

likert?

Answer 17

strongly agree…. agree…neutral….disagree…..strongly disagree

Question 18

semantic-differential scale?

Answer 18

fun…….x…………….boring

Question 19

strengths of questionnaires

Answer 19

quick and easy to conduct, completed away from the researcher so more likely to gain honest responses, can collect quantitative and qualitative responses

Question 20

weaknesses f questionnaires

Answer 20

people may misunderstand a question because they are completely independent, may not be returned, depending on types of questions used would determine if analyse is easy or difficult

Question 21

strengths of interviews

Answer 21

participants can ask for clarification on questions they do not understand, able to get more info, can collect both quantitative and qualitative data

Question 22

IV?

Answer 22

Conditions- what the experimenter manipulates

Question 23

DV?

Answer 23

measured- what is measured after changes to the IV have been made

Question 24

EV?

Answer 24

extraneous variables- other variables that may affect the DV

Question 25

lab experiment

Answer 25

carefully controlled

Question 26

field experiment

Answer 26

conducted In a more natural environment, however IV is still manipulated by the experimenter

Question 27

quasi experiment

Answer 27

not manipulated by the experimenter but is naturally occurring

Question 28

strengths and weaknesses of independent measure

Answer 28

low order effects and low demand characteristics. need more participants and high participant variable

Question 29

strengths and weaknesses of repeated measures

Answer 29

no participant variables and less participants needed. high demand characteristics and order effects

Question 30

strengths and weaknesses of matched pairs

Answer 30

low order effects and demand characteristics and reduces participant variables. However, need more participants

Question 31

difference between structured and unstructured observations

Answer 31

structured- tables of pre determined categories of behaviour. unstructured- records anything the researcher sees

Question 32

naturalistic and controlled observations

Answer 32

naturalistic- natural setting

Question 33

overt and covert

Answer 33

overt- where participants know they are being observed | covert- unaware they are being observed

Question 34

reliability

Answer 34

the consistency between and within the research

Question 35

validity

Answer 35

does it measured what was intended to measure

Question 36

what decreases reliability?

Answer 36

not standardised, interpreting questions differently, behaviours on the coding scheme can be interpreted differently

Question 37

type of internal validity

Answer 37

face, criterion, concurrent and construct

Question 38

types of external validity

Answer 38

ecological(generalise to settings or place) and population

Question 39

What decreases validity?

Answer 39

demand characteristics, extraneous variables, study taking place in an artificial environment, ambiguous questions, closed questions, social desirability bias

Question 40

what increases validity?

Answer 40

use deception to avoid demand characteristics, ambiguous questions, improve mundane realism, more open questions, allow anonymous responses, covert observation to reduce demand characteristics

Question 41

strengths of correlations

Answer 41

investigate relationships, good starting point for research, can see relationship clearly

Question 42

weakness of correlations

Answer 42

cause and effect cannot be established, third party variables may be an influencing factor

Question 43

measures of central tendancy

Answer 43

mode median or mean

Question 44

measures of central dispersion

Answer 44

range, variance and standard deviation

Question 45

when are bar charts used?

Answer 45

difference

Question 46

when are histograms used?

Answer 46

continuous data

Question 47

when are scatter graphs used?

Answer 47

correlations

Question 48

when are line graphs used?

Answer 48

behaviour over time

Question 49

when are pie charts used?

Answer 49

proportion

Question 50

nominal data

Answer 50

DV is in categories eg, pets- dog, cat,bird

Question 51

ordinal data

Answer 51

ordered or ranked

Question 52

interval data

Answer 52

measured on a scale eg, weight, height, time

Question 53

what was bocchiaros aim?

Answer 53

investigate accuracy of participants estimates of obedience and role of distributional factors on obedience disobedience and whistleblowing

Question 54

pilot tests of bocchiaro?

Answer 54

8 involving 92 undergraduates from VU university in amsterdam

Question 55

2 personality tests used in b study?

Answer 55

hexacopi-r and svo

Question 56

comparison group for b?

Answer 56

138- what would they do?

Question 57

number in experimental group for b

Answer 57

149

Question 58

comparison group vs experimental group results

Answer 58

experimental: o-76.5%, d-32.9%, w-14.1% comparison: o-3.6%, d-31.9%, w-64.5%

Question 59

Milgram's aim

Answer 59

level of obedience

Question 60

participants in m

Answer 60

40 males between ages of 20 and 50

Question 61

m results

Answer 61

65% obeyed to 450 volts, 100& obeyed to 300 volts