Glycocalyx
Polysaccharides secreted by the cell surround the cell and make it sticky. All prokaryotes have. Also, protective.
Slime layer
Thin glycocalyx loosely attached to the cell wall and cannot be stained.
Capsule
Organized glycocalyx thick and firmly attached to the cell. Can be stained.
Flagella
Function-motility. Structure-prokaryotes made of flagellum, eukaryotes made of tubulin.
Axial filament
Flagella wrapped around cell in spirochetes.
Fimbrae
Function-attachment, create bio films, adhesion. Structure-short and numerous affect virulence factor.
Pili
Function-adhesion between cells and DNA transfer called conjugation.
structure- 1/2 per cell, longer than fimbrae. GRAM NEGATIVE ONLY
Inclusion
Function-store nutrients, buoy cell in H2O, Identification.
Structure-granules and deposits in prokaryotes cytoplasm.
Endospore
Function-survival. Structure- GRAM POSITIVE ONLY, harsh conditions sporulate, spore in inert dormant condition, in favorable condition germinates. E.G. Clostridium, Bacillus h
Gram Positive Cell Wall
Thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. PG linked by polypeptides. Has large gaps
Gram negative cell wall
Thin layer PGs and phosolipid bolster create outer membrane. Which also includes, potions, lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins). Not chemically stable, more selectively permeable, and has a periplasmic space with enzymes.
Acid-fast cell wall
PG surrounded by a thick waxy layer (lipid mycolic acid)
Archaea cell wall
No PG psuedomurein and some lack cell walls.
Mycoplasma cell wall
No cell wall sterols in plasma membrane
Hypotonic solution
Concentration of solutes in medium less than in cell. Water goes into cell common condition for bacterium.
Hypertonic solution
Concentration of solutes is high outside the cell so water move out. Can lead to plasmolyze.
Taxonomic groups
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Gram positive Bacteria
Streptococcus pyrogens-strep throat, Staphylococcus aureus-impetigo, Clostridium tetani- tetanus
Gram Negative Bacteria
Salmonella typhi-typhoid fever, Neisseria meningitidis-meningococcal meningitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa-UTI
Acid-Fast Bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-tuberculosis
No cell wall Bacteria
Mycoplasma pneumoniae-pneumonia
3 medically important phyla of fungi
Zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota
Zycomycota
Rhizopus- mucormycosis
Ascomycota
Trichophyton-athletes foot
Basidiomycota
Cryptococcus neoformans-respiratory infection
Four types of mycosis
Systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial
Four types of Protozoa
Flagellates, cilliates, amoebiod, apicomplexan
Flagellate
Giardia lamblia-diarrhea
Cilliate
Balantidium coli-dysentery
Amoeboid
Entamoeba histolytica-dysentery
Apicomplexan
Plasmodium-malaria
Parasite
Lives on/in an organism usually harms it
Host
Organism infected with a parasite
Vector
An arthropod that carries disease causing organism from one host to another. E.g. Mosquito
Types of platyhemlithes
Platyhelminthes> trematodes + cestodes. Nematodes
Trematodes
Schistosoma-schistosomiasis, Paragonimus-Lung fluke
Cestodes
Taenia solium-neurocysticerosis, Taenia saginata-“
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides-ascariasis, Wuchereria bancrofti- elephantiasis
Life cycle of fluke 10 steps
Eggs released in feces/urine. Eggs hatch in water. Penetrate snail tissue. After many generations produce cysts in snail tissue. Organism is released into water, free-swimming. Penetrates human skin. Lose tail. Circulate blood. Migrate into liver and mature into adults. Paired adult worms migrate into bowels/anus lay eggs.