1. variation 2. heritable variation 3. struggle 4. differential reproduction 5.changes in heritable characteristic of the population- evolution

Unit 1 Flashcards by Lauren Frank

Darwin & Wallace Idea

organisms share common ancestries. adaptations lead to diversity in life

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Views before 1800

species = constant

variation not important; just imperfection

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William Paley

The watch maker design argument. Adaptations are on purpose. species constant

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Lamarck

1744-1829
1st to believe evolution occurs
inheritance of acquired characteristics
use/ disuse drives evolution
spontaneous generation
a drive for perfection

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Extinction

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
-Catastrophism
founded the study of paleontology
established extinction as a fact: caused by localized catastrophes

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Cuvier & Ibises

saw no evidence of change over time; believed in functional integration; function determines form- similarities due to common functions- not connected

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Hutton

FATHER OF GEOLOGY (1726-1797)
Gradualism and an old earth
- planted idea of gradual change over long periods of time based on ancient maps and modern coastlines

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Charles Lyell

expanded button’s idea of gradual change over periods of time
uniformitarianism

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uniformitarianism

geological processes are so uniform that their rates & effects must balance through time

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Gradualism

gradual change over long periods of time

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Charles Darwin

life long naturalist
trained in medicine and for the clergy
interested in variation & biogeography
studied finches and saw VARIATION

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Darwin’s basic argument

variation- observable, but under appreciated
heritable variation
struggle to exist
differential survival
change in population’s characteristics

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decent with modification

unity of life
diversity of life
match between organisms and their environment

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Order of the Theories

Linnaus-taxonomy
hutton-gradualism
lamarck-evolution
malthus-populations
cuvier- paleontology
Lyell- uniformitarianism
darwin
mendel-inheritance
wallace

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Evidence for Evolution

homology
fossil record
vestigial structures
biogeography
Biochemical
Direct observation or strong inference of evolutionary change

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homology

structures with different uses but strikingly similar features–suggests “tinkering”
ex. shared developmental patterns

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fossil record

simpler organisms first, then more complex

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biogeography

study of distribution of organisms

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Natural Selection

variation
heritable variation
struggle
differential
reproduction
5.changes in heritable characteristic of the population- evolution

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Darwinian Fitness

capacity to pass on genes to reproducing offspring
Depends on:
survival to RD age
mating success
fecundity
survival to RD age by offspring

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fecundity

number of offspring

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evolution

changes in allele frequencies in a population over time

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mechanisms of evolution

natural selection
mutation
migration
genetic drift

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natural selection

traits are selected for within a population
can be:
directional
stabilizing
disruptive
density dependent
sexual

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gene

discrete unit of DNA on chromosomes

allele

alternative versions of a gene

locus

the location of the gene on the chromosome

diploid

individuals have two copies of each chromosome called homologous pairs can have two different alleles

sister chromatids

2 DNA molecules attached together

meiosis

halving the number of chromosomes when forming gametes (1n)

chiasma

site of crossing over

mechanisms for diversity of gametes

1. segregation 2. independent assortment 3. crossing over 4. random fertilization

law of segregation

alleles segregate into different gametes at meiosis= variation from parent to offspring

law of independent assortment

for genes on different chromosomes, alleles will segregate independently=all combinations are possible

character

heritable features of organism that can vary

trait

each variant for a character

genotype

the genetic makeup of the organism BB;Bb;bb

phenotype

the discernible features of an organism

incomplete dominance

blending of the phenotypes

centromere

connecting point of chromatids

penetrance

frequency expressed

polydactyly

complete dominance | extra finger

achondroplasia

complete dominance

Huntington's Disease

autosmal dominant | chromosome 4

cystic fibrosis

autosomal recessive

Tay-Sachs

chromosome 15 autosomal recessive lack of enzyme= brain degeneration

Blood types

multiple alleles: A,B codominant O is recessive

pleiotrophy

``` one gene may affect many traits e.g. HGP finding coloration and crossed eyes in siamese cats marfan syndrom sickle cell ```

epistasis

gene at one locus alters phenotype of gene at another locus e.g coat color in mice Dog coat colors: brown is recessive, yellow is recessive and epistatic

polygenic inheritance

one trait is affected by many genes e.g skin color, height

variation between gene and pheno

the environment

epigenetic inheritance

the transmission of non-DNA sequence information through either meiosis or mitosis

genomic imprinting

parent of origin specific allele silencing, or relative silencing one parental allele compared with the other parental allele. due to methylation

linkage

tendency of genes on the same chromosome to end up together in the same gamete

x-linked recessive genetic disorders

color blindness Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Hemophilia more common in males because they only inherit one x chromosome

Ichythosis

x-linked recessive | severely scaly extremities

menkes

cells can't absorb copper

silent

code for same amino acid

missense

code for wrong amino acid

monosomy

missing one chromosome

trisomy

one extra chromosome

nondisjuction

members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis one OR sister chromosomes fail to separate during Meiosis II

Nondisjuction disorders

down syndrome, turner syndrome, klinefelter

gene pool

all the individual alleles in a population for a given locus

HWE Conditions

1. large populations 2. no mutations 3. random mating 4. isolated from other populations 5. all individuals survive & reproduce equally

3 reasons to NOT have sex

inefficient costly risky for survival

protandrous

male 1st

protogynous

female 1st

sexual dimorphism

differences in characteristics between males and females of a species

intersexual selection

traumatic insemination infanticide sperm competition combat

3 types of intersexual variation

handicap parasite developmental stability

Darwinian view of disease

history matters evolving pathogens evolution of virulence

Evolution of Virulence

virulent diseases will eventually evolve towards reduced severity

Pathogens must:

reproduce | disperse to new hosts

Unit 1 Flashcards

(74 cards)