Unit 1

Question 1

metric system

Answer 1

standard system of measurement for scientists; expresses mass, length, and volume

Question 2

system international (SI)

Answer 2

standardizing units of measurement

Question 3

mega

Answer 3

one million

Question 4

kilo

Answer 4

one thousand

Question 5

centi

Answer 5

one hundredth

Question 6

milli

Answer 6

one thousandth

Question 7

micro

Answer 7

one millionth

Question 8

nano

Answer 8

one billionth

Question 9

pico

Answer 9

one trillionth

Question 10

mass

Answer 10

kilogram

Question 11

distance

Answer 11

meter

Question 12

time

Answer 12

second

Question 13

force

Answer 13

newton

Question 14

work

Answer 14

joule; force x distnace

Question 15

energy

Answer 15

joule

Question 16

power

Answer 16

watt; work / time

Question 17

velocity

Answer 17

meters per second

Question 18

torque

Answer 18

newton per meter

Question 19

ergometry

Answer 19

measurement of work output

Question 20

ergometer

Answer 20

device used to measure work

Question 21

direct calorimetry

Answer 21

measurement of heat production as an indication of metabolic rate; commonly measured in calories; requires heat; foodstuffs + O2 = ATP = heat

Question 22

calories

Answer 22

amount of energy it takes to increase 1 g of water to 1 C

Question 23

indirect calorimetry

Answer 23

measurement of oxygen consumption as an estimate of resting metabolic rate; foodstuffs = O2 + heat + co2 + h2o

Question 24

open circuit spirometry

Answer 24

calculates co2 given off

Question 25

VO2 (L*min-1)

Answer 25

absolute

Question 26

VO2 (ml*kg-1*min-1)

Answer 26

relative

Question 27

MET

Answer 27

resting metabolic rate; 3.5 ml*kg-1*min-1

Question 28

kcal*kg-1*hr-1

Answer 28

amount of calories burned

Question 29

net efficiency

Answer 29

ratio of work output divided by energy expended above rest; % net efficiency = work output / energy expended above rest x 100

Question 30

constant kcal

Answer 30

426.8 kpm*kcal-1

Question 31

speed of movement

Answer 31

an optimum speed of movement and any deviation reduces efficiency

Question 32

homeostasis

Answer 32

maintenance of a constant an "normal" internal environment

Question 33

steady state

Answer 33

balance between demands placed on body and the body's response to those demands

Question 34

biological control system

Answer 34

series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant valu

Question 35

sensor or receptor

Answer 35

detects changes in variable

Question 36

control center

Answer 36

assesses input and initiates response

Question 37

effector

Answer 37

changes internal environment back to normal

Question 38

negative feedback

Answer 38

response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis; how most control system work

Question 39

positive feedback

Answer 39

response increases the original stimulus

Question 40

gain of a control system

Answer 40

degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis

Question 41

regulation of body temperature

Answer 41

response by skin, blood vessels, and sweat glands regulates temperature

Question 42

regulation of blood glucose

Answer 42

requires hormone insulin

Question 43

adaptation

Answer 43

change in structure or function of cell or organ system

Question 44

acclimation

Answer 44

adaptation to environmental stresses (e.g. heat stress)

Question 45

cell signaling

Answer 45

communication between cells using chemical messengers

Question 46

intracrine signaling

Answer 46

chemical messenger inside cell triggers response

Question 47

juxtacrine signaling

Answer 47

chemical messenger passed between two connected cells

Question 48

autocrine signaling

Answer 48

chemical messenger acts on that same cell

Question 49

paracrine signaling

Answer 49

chemical messengers act on nearby cells

Question 50

endocrine signaling

Answer 50

chemical messengers (i.e. hormones) released into blood

Question 51

metabolism

Answer 51

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

Question 52

anabolic reactions

Answer 52

synthesis of molecules

Question 53

catabolic reactions

Answer 53

breakdown of molecules

Question 54

bioenergetics

Answer 54

process of converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) into usable energy for cell work

Question 55

cell membrane (sarcolemma)

Answer 55

semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment (phospholipid bilayer)

Question 56

nucleus

Answer 56

contains genes that regulate protein synthesis

Question 57

cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

Answer 57

fluid portion of the cell

Question 58

endergonic reactions

Answer 58

require energy to be added to the reactants

Question 59

exergonic reactions

Answer 59

release energy (glucose)

Question 60

coupled reactions

Answer 60

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an energonic reaction

Question 61

oxidation

Answer 61

removing an electron

Question 62

reduction

Answer 62

addition of an electron (reducing a charge)

Question 63

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

Answer 63

oxidized form: NAD+ | reduced form: NADH

Question 64

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Answer 64

oxidized form: FAD+ | reduced form: FADH2

Question 65

kinases

Answer 65

add a phosphate group

Question 66

dehydrogenases

Answer 66

remove hydrogen atoms

Question 67

oxidases

Answer 67

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions involving

Question 68

isomerases

Answer 68

rearrangement of the structure of molecules

Question 69

glucose

Answer 69

blood sugar

Question 70

glycogen

Answer 70

storage form of glucose in liver and muscle

Question 71

fatty acids

Answer 71

primary type of fat used by skeletal muscle

Question 72

triglycerides

Answer 72

storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue

Question 73

phospholipids

Answer 73

not used as an energy source