Unit 1

Question 1

how do arthropods impact health

Answer 1

direct injury, allergies to venom, mental stress, parasitism, disease transmission (direct or mechanical)

Question 2

characteristics of arthropods

Answer 2

body segmented, paired appendages, bilateral symmetry, chitonous exoskeleton, tubular alimentary canal, open circulatory system, body cavity, striated skeletal muscles, excretion through malphigian tubules, respiration by trachea and spiracles

Question 3

characteristics of insecta

Answer 3

3 body regions, 3 pairs of thoracic appendages

Question 4

important orders of insects

Answer 4

Pthraptera (lice), Siphonaptera (fleas), Diptera (mosquitoes), Hemiptera (bugs)

Question 5

host

Answer 5

animal infected with pathogen

Question 6

vector

Answer 6

organism that conveys pathogen

Question 7

parasite

Answer 7

organism living on host

Question 8

exctoparasite

Answer 8

arthropod living on another animal

Question 9

obligate parasite

Answer 9

complete dependence on host

Question 10

facultative parasite

Answer 10

all or some life stages can be free living

Question 11

2 types of arthropod development

Answer 11

hemimetabolous (looks the same) holometabolous (complete metamorphosis)

Question 12

4 classes of vector borne pathogens

Answer 12

virus, bacteria, protozoa, helminth (nematodes)

Question 13

what is a virus

Answer 13

lack components for independent replication, symmetrical capsid

Question 14

arbovirus

Answer 14

arthropod borne virus (100 cause human illness)

Question 15

important orders of viruses

Answer 15

Togaviridae (alphaviruses - CHIKV, EEE, VEE, WEE), Bunyaviridae (bunyaviruses and phleboviruses - RVF), Flaviviridae (flaviviruses - DEN, WNV, ZIKV, JE, SLE, YF)

Question 16

heatophagy

Answer 16

blood feeding

Question 17

telmophagy

Answer 17

pool feeding

Question 18

solenophagy

Answer 18

penetration feeding

Question 19

two theories for evolution of blood feeding

Answer 19

prolonged close association (barklice), morphological preadaptation

Question 20

two theories for evolution of blood feeding

Answer 20

prolonged close association (barklice), morphological pre-adaptation

Question 21

how is blood digested

Answer 21

mechanically (spines, cibarial armature), chemical lysis, peritrophic membrane

Question 22

host specific modifications in arthropods

Answer 22

flattening to slip into cracks,small to be stealthy, moutparts to pierce/suck, reduction of eyes/antennae

Question 23

host specific modifications in arthropods

Answer 23

flattening to slip into cracks,small to be stealthy, mouthparts to pierce/suck, reduction of eyes/antennae

Question 24

avoiding host defenses

Answer 24

feeding at less sensitive or accessible sites,

Question 25

host-pathogen adaptation

Answer 25

parasites congregate at sites which give them optimal chance of encountering a vector, produce large numbers, periodicity to occur with vector timing, production of illness/high fever, alter vector behavior, alter enzyme production (malaria reduce feeding efficiency and increase probing time)

Question 26

entomophobia

Answer 26

a fear of insects despite recognition that the fear is irrational

Question 27

delusory parasitosis

Answer 27

false belief that live organisms are present in the skin

Question 28

direct injury

Answer 28

itches, blood loss, sores physical nuisance (Immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity)

Question 29

epi triad

Answer 29

host, vector, pathogen, environment

Question 30

incidence rate

Answer 30

new cases per unit time/number of people that could be affects

Question 31

prevalence

Answer 31

cases in an area

Question 32

EIR

Answer 32

entomological inoculation rate (# of invective bites per unit time) = m*a*s m=abundance per person per night, a=bite rate, s=sporozoite rate

Question 33

Vectorial capacity

Answer 33

ma^2vp^n/-lnp m=vecotr to human ratio, a=blood meals per vector per day, v=vector competence, p=daily survival probability, n=extrinsic incubation period

Question 34

Vectorial capacity

Answer 34

ma^2vp^n/-lnp m=vector to human ratio, a=blood meals per vector per day, v=vector competence, p=daily survival probability, n=extrinsic incubation period

Question 35

process of epidemiological investigations

Answer 35

person place and time (who where and when does the disease occur), ID of unusual cases, patient interviews, reconstruction of events, diagnoses of source of infection

Question 36

endemic

Answer 36

habitual presence of a disease in an area

Question 37

epidemic

Answer 37

disease in excess of normal

Question 38

pandemic

Answer 38

worldwide epidemic

Question 39

zoonoses/epizootic

Answer 39

epi-disease on non humans, zoonoses=primariliy animals with humans as sometimes secondary hosts

Question 40

zoonoses/epizootic

Answer 40

ep0zootic=-disease on non humans, zoonoses=primarily animals with humans as sometimes secondary hosts

Question 41

host factors

Answer 41

age, immune status, nutrition, genetics, culture

Question 42

pathogen factors

Answer 42

strain, virulence, resistance

Question 43

vector factors

Answer 43

feeding behavior, survival, abundance, competence

Question 44

environmental factors

Answer 44

climate, altitude, landscape

Question 45

vector competence

Answer 45

ability to become infected (infect mosquitoes, pathogen replicates, mosquito can reinfect healthy

Question 46

MIR

Answer 46

minimum infection rate, # infected positive pools/1000 individuals tested

Question 47

DALY

Answer 47

disability adjusted life year

Question 48

vector incrimination

Answer 48

biological co-occurance, association in time and space, vector harbors infective pathogfen, efficient transmission

Question 49

vector incrimination

Answer 49

biological association, association in time and space, vector harbors infective pathogen, efficient transmission