unit 1

Question 1

deviance

Answer 1

violation of a norm

Question 2

mechanical solidarity

Answer 2

social cohesion resulting from “sameness” among members of society

Question 3

norms

Answer 3

expectations of behavior shared by a group or society

Question 4

triad

Answer 4

a group comprised of three or more members

Question 5

socialization

Answer 5

ways in which children and adults learn the norms, values and behaviors of a given society

Question 6

reference group

Answer 6

those to which you compare yourself

Question 7

recidivism

Answer 7

returning to prison for another crime after being released

Question 8

broken windows

Answer 8

a theory that explains criminal deviant behavior as shaped by the social context (ex neighborhood conditions)

Question 9

roles

Answer 9

the expected behaviors of people occupying certain social positions

Question 10

ascribed

Answer 10

a position or identity that one is born with

Question 11

social control

Answer 11

the set of mechanisms used to create compliance with norms

Question 12

dyad

Answer 12

group comprised of two members

Question 13

generalized other

Answer 13

internalized set of expectations that allow individuals to act in accordance with norms even in new settings

Question 14

deductive

Answer 14

research that begins with a theory and analyzes data to test it

Question 15

primary

Answer 15

the first act of rule breaking that may result in being labeled a deviant

Question 16

dramaturgical

Answer 16

a sociological perspective associated with Goffman which compares a social interaction to a performance with roles, costumes and line

Question 17

achieved

Answer 17

a position or identity that is acquired through effort

Question 18

white-collar

Answer 18

crimes committed by a professional against a corporation agency or other institution

Question 19

face-work

Answer 19

the actions people take to make and maintain an impression

Question 20

reverse causality

Answer 20

when a proposed relationship between independent variable affecting a dependent variable is actually the result of a dependent variable affecting the independent variable

Question 21

spuriousness

Answer 21

when some other factor explains the assumed relationship between an independent and dependent variable

Question 22

organic solidarity

Answer 22

social cohesion resulting from interdependence

Question 23

independent

Answer 23

the variable that causes the outcome we are interested in

Question 24

secondary

Answer 24

subsequent acts of rule breaking after being labeled a deviant

Question 25

inductive

Answer 25

research that begins with an empirical observation and works to develop a theory

Question 26

total institution

Answer 26

an institution that controls all the basics day-to-day life

Question 27

stigma

Answer 27

a negative social label that affects both others behavior toward the individual and the individuals one self concept

Question 28

isomorphism

Answer 28

tendency for business to end up with very similar institutional structures

Question 29

symbol

Answer 29

primary means of communication

Question 30

anomie

Answer 30

feeling of aimlessness arising from too little social regulation

Question 31

dependent

Answer 31

the outcome variable we are interested in conducting a study

Question 32

corporate

Answer 32

crimes committed by high-level corporate officers

Question 33

looking glass self

Answer 33

concept encapsulating the idea that we develop our identity by imagining how others see us and responding to this self-perception