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HHP 123 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of life

A

biology

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2
Q

All living things share these common functions:

A

Responsiveness - doing something in response to a change in the immediate environment

Growth - an increase in organism size

Reproduction - creation of new generations of similar organisms

Movement - may be internal or external

Metabolism - sum total of all chemical operations in the body

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3
Q

absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells

A

respiration

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4
Q

breaking down complex foods into simpler compounds that can be absorbed

A

digestion

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5
Q

eliminating waste products generated by metabolic operations

A

excretion

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6
Q

How do vital functions such as responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement depend on metabolism?

A

Metabolism refers to all the chemical operations in the body. Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement.

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7
Q

study of internal and external structure; relationships between body parts

A

anatomy

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8
Q

aka macroscopic anatomy; studies structures visible with unaided eye

A

gross anatomy

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9
Q

study of general form and superficial markings

A

surface anatomy

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10
Q

study of all the superficial and internal features of a specific region of the body

A

regional anatomy

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11
Q

study of the structure of major organ systems

A

systemic anatomy

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12
Q

studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification

A

microscopic anatomy

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13
Q

study of internal structure of individual cells

A

cytology

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14
Q

study of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

A

histology

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15
Q

study of function in living organisms

A

physiology

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16
Q

study of the functions of the human body

A

human physiology

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17
Q

the functions of living cells

A

cell physiology

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18
Q

the physiology of specific organs

A

special physiology

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19
Q

all aspects of the function of specific organ systems

A

systemic physiology

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20
Q

the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

A

pathological physiology or pathology

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21
Q

Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related.

A

zAnatomy and physiology are closely related because all specific functions are performed by specific structures.

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22
Q

Would a histologist more likely be considered a specialist in microscopic anatomy or in gross anatomy? Why?

A

Histologists specialize in histology, the study of the structure and properties of tissues and the cells that compose tissues. Because histologists must use microscopes to observe cells, they are specialists in microscopic anatomy.

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23
Q

chemical level

A

atoms are the smallest stable units of matter, they combine to for molecules. Molecular shape defines function

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24
Q

cellular level

A

made up of cells, the smallest living units in the body

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25
Q

tissue level

A

similar cells working together to perform a specific function form a tissue

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26
Q

organ level

A

two or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions from an organ

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27
Q

organ system level

A

organs interacting to perform specific functions form organ systems

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28
Q

organism level

A

all the organ systems of the body working together to maintain life and health form an organism

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29
Q

Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex.

A

.The major levels of organization from the simplest to the most complex are the following: chemical level —> cellular level —> tissue level —> organ level —> organ system level —> organism level.

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30
Q

Identify the organ systems of the body and list their major functions.

A
  1. integumentary system (protects against environmental hazards, helps control body temperature, and provides sensory information)
  2. skeletal system (provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells);
  3. muscular system (provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, and produces heat)
  4. nervous system (directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems, and provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions)
  5. endocrine system (directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems)
  6. cardiovascular system (transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide)
  7. lymphatic system (defends against infection and disease, and returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream)
  8. respiratory system (delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange can occur between the air and bloodstream, and produces sound for communication)
  9. digestive system (processes food and absorbs nutrients)
  10. urinary system (eliminates waste products from the blood, and controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced)
  11. reproductive system (male produces sex cells [sperm] and hormones, and female produces sex cells [oocytes], hormones, and supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth).
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31
Q

Which organ system includes the pituitary gland and directs long-term changes in the activities of the body’s other systems?

A

The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland and directs long-term changes in the activities of other systems.

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32
Q

a state of internal balance or stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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33
Q

adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis

A

homeostasis regulation

34
Q

homeostasis involves:
• a ________ that senses a particular change or stimulus
• a ________ that receives and processes information from the receptor
• an ________ that responds to the control center commands

A

receptor; control center; effector

35
Q

Homeostatic Example

A

• Thermostat is set at desired temperature
» Variation outside desired range triggers response
» Response negates the original stimulus
» Example of negative feedback

36
Q

Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism?

A

Homeostatic regulation is important because it keeps physiological systems within carefully controlled limits, preventing potentially disruptive changes in the body’s internal environment.

37
Q

What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down?

A

When homeostasis fails, organ systems function less efficiently or even malfunction. The result is the state we call disease. If the situation is not corrected, death can result.

38
Q

most common form of homeostatic regulation; regardless of whether the stimulus (such as temperature) rises or falls at the receptor

A

negative feedback

39
Q

negative feedback example

A

thermoregulation

40
Q

response reinforces or exaggerates original stimulus

A

positive feedback

41
Q

Explain the function of negative feedback systems.

A

egative feedback systems provide control over the body’s internal conditions—that is, they maintain homeostasis—by counteracting the effects of a stimulus.

42
Q

Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature, as with a fever?

A

Positive feedback is useful in processes that must move quickly to completion, such as blood clotting. It is harmful in situations in which a stable condition must be maintained, because it tends to intensify any departure from the desired condition. Positive feedback in the regulation of body temperature, for example, would cause a slight fever to spiral out of control, with fatal results. For this reason, physiological systems are typically regulated by negative feedback, which tends to oppose any departure from the norm.

43
Q

Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature, as with a fever?

A

Positive feedback is useful in processes that must move quickly to completion, such as blood clotting. It is harmful in situations in which a stable condition must be maintained, because it tends to intensify any departure from the desired condition. Positive feedback in the regulation of body temperature, for example, would cause a slight fever to spiral out of control, with fatal results. For this reason, physiological systems are typically regulated by negative feedback, which tends to oppose any departure from the norm.

44
Q

common language required for clear communication; describes body regions, anatomical landmarks, directions, and body sections

A

medical terminology

45
Q

hands at the sides with the palms facing forward and feet together

A

anatomical position

46
Q

face up

A

supine

47
Q

face down

A

prone

48
Q

used by clinicians to locate aches, pains, injuries

A

abdominopelvic quadrants

49
Q

used by anatomists for more precise location of internal organs

A

abdominopelvic regions

50
Q

ventral

A

anterior

51
Q

dorsal

A

posterior

52
Q

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

A

frontal plane (coronal plane)

53
Q

divides body into left and right portions

A

sagittal plane

54
Q

divides into equal right and left halves

A

midsagittal plane

55
Q

divides into superior and inferior portions

A

transverse plane

56
Q

What is the purpose of anatomical terms?

A

The purpose of anatomical terms is to provide a standardized language and frame of reference for describing the human body.

57
Q

Describe an anterior view and a posterior view in the anatomical position.

A

In the anatomical position, an anterior view displays the body’s front, whereas a posterior view displays the back.

58
Q

What type of section would separate the two eyes?

A

The two eyes would be separated by a sagittal section. A midsagittal section would separate them evenly.

59
Q

closed, fluid-filled spaces; lined by thin tissue layer called serous membrane; contain internal organs suspended within them

A

body cavities

60
Q

two major regions of body cavities are separated by the diaphragm*

A

thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
*flat muscular sheet

61
Q

internal organs enclosed by these cavities

A

viscera

62
Q

portion of a serous membrane that covers a visceral organ

A

visceral layer

63
Q

opposing portion that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber

A

parietal layer

64
Q

thoracic cavity contains three internal chambers:

A

a single pericardial cavity

pair of pleural cavities (one of each lung)

65
Q

in the thoracic cavity, the heart projects into a space known as the

A

pericardial cavity

66
Q

pericardial cavity is lined by serous membrane called:

A

pericardium

67
Q

layer covering the heart

A

visceral pericardium

68
Q

outer layer covering the heart

A

parietal pericardium

69
Q

each lung is found within its own pleural cavity lined by serous membrane called:

A

pleura

70
Q

layer covering the outer surfaces of a lung

A

visceral pleura

71
Q

layer that lines the edge of the mediastinum and the inner body wall

A

parietal pleura

72
Q

extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis

A

abdominopelvic cavity

73
Q

superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal cavity

74
Q

inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity

A

pelvic cavity

75
Q

abdominopelvic cavity contains the ________ cavity

A

peritoneal

76
Q

peritoneal cavity lined by serous membrane called:

A

peritoneum

77
Q

membrane covers internal organs

A

visceral peritoneum

78
Q

membrane lines inner surface of body wall

A

parietal peritoneum

79
Q

few organs lie between peritoneal lining and wall of abdominal cavity

A

retroperitoneal

80
Q

Describe two essential functions of body cavities.

A

Body cavities protect internal organs and cushion them from movements that occur while walking, running, or jumping.
Body cavities also permit organs that they surround to change in size and shape without disrupting the activities of nearby organs.

81
Q

Describe the various body cavities of the trunk.

A

The thoracic cavity includes the pleural and pericardial cavities, which enclose the lungs and heart respectively. The diaphragm forms the boundary between the superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity contains the peritoneal cavity

82
Q

If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, what body cavity will be opened?

A

The body cavity inferior to the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic (or peritoneal) cavity.

HHP 123 (2 decks)

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