unit 1 Flashcards
study guide (136 cards)
1
Q
who founded the first laboratory of psychology?
A
wilhelm wundt
2
Q
he did one of the first cognitive psychology experiments. who is he and what did he do
A
franciscus donders tested reaction time
3
Q
the mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory, that are what the mind does
A
cognition
4
Q
how long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus
A
reaction time
5
Q
simple reaction time example
A
subjects pushing a button as rapidly as possible when they saw a light go on
6
Q
choice reaction time example
A
using two lights, subjects push the left button when the left light goes on, and push the right button when the right light goes on
7
Q
who created structuralism, and what is it?
A
wilhem wundt said that our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of sensation
8
Q
trained subjects describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli. the goal was to describe experience in terms of elementary mental elements
A
analytic introspection
9
Q
this person experimented with the length in time of forgetting
A
hermann ebbinghaus
10
Q
what does forgetting look like on a graph?
A
exponentially drops rapidly in the first two days
11
Q
he created the first psychology textbook and recorded observations of his own experience
A
william james
12
Q
he proposed behaviorism and eliminated the mind
A
john watson
13
Q
theory based on collecting observable behavior for science
A
behaviorism
14
Q
how pairing one stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus causes change in the response to the neutral stimulus - ex. pavlov’s dogs
A
classical conditioning
15
Q
how behavior is strengthened by presentation of a positive reinforcement/withdrawal of negative reinforcers
- ex. skinner’s rats
A
operant conditioning
16
Q
tolman proposed that we have conception layouts in our mind
A
cognitive maps
17
Q
this person proposed that language is a product of the way the mind is constructed
A
chomsky
18
Q
when did the cognitive revolution occur?
A
1950’s
19
Q
the approach in which the operation of the mind can be described as occurring in a number of stages, like a computer
A
information processing approach
20
Q
McCarthy; the concept that making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving
A
artificial intelligence
21
Q
the program in which newell and simon created to prove problems in mathematical theorems
A
logic theorist
22
Q
choking under pressure; this man proposed that pressure caused subjects to worry, which in return used up some of their working memory capacity
A
beilock
23
Q
representations of a physical structure
A
structural model
24
Q
this represents the processes that are involved in cognitive mechanisms, using boxes and arrows
A
process model
25
holds incoming information for a fraction of a second
sensory memory
26
has limited capacity and holds information for seconds
short term memory
27
memory for events in your life
episodic memory
28
memory for facts
semantic memory
29
memory for physical actions
procedural memory
30
these people study mental processes that contribute to knowing, and are much more complex than they appear
cognitive psychologists
31
high level processes examples
judgement, memory, knowledge
32
low level processes examples
perception, attention, language
33
processing affected by the stimulus input, eye to brain
bottom up processing
34
contributes to many cognitive allusions, originates from the brain
top down processing
35
method by wundt and titchener that states that you cannot study something that is unobservable unless you look within
introspectionism
36
problems w/ introspection
can't introspect unconscious thoughts, difficult to confirm or disconfirm quantifiable data, not testable or repeatable, need objective observation
37
problems w/ behaviorism
behaviors cannot be explained by stimulus response chaining, your reaction is guided by your interpretation of the stimulus and not the stimulus itself, often fails to predict actual behaviors
38
cognitive psychologists want to _______ behavior
explain
39
carrying out experiments on healthy individuals in the lab
experimental cognitive psychology
40
study patterns of cognitive impairment shown by brain damaged patients
cognitive neuropsychology
41
coltheart example of visual knowledge patient
AC had severe problems with object knowledge after a stroke, performed well on questions about a horse except for what it looks like
42
define double dissociation
different behaviors are supported by different brain systems; one system should be able to find variables that affect one system but not the other, and vice versa; requires at least two patients with damage to different brain areas showing different deficits. ex. patient 1: A is present, B is not. person 2: B is present, A is not
43
using brain imaging techniques to study brain functioning, physiology of cognition
cognitive neuroscience
44
localizing the function of a particular brain area
functional localization
45
precisely find a certain area in the brain
spatial resolution
46
precise measurement of brain activity
temporal resolution
47
record activity of a singular neuron; used in animal studies
single cell recording
48
pros of single cell recording
great spatial and temporal resolution
49
cons of single cell recording
invasive, whole brain coverage impossible
50
recordings of electrical brain activity measured at the surface of the scalp
EEG
51
pros of EEG
good temporal resolution, noninvasive
52
cons of EEG
bad spatial resolution, no subcortical coverage
53
sensors in the scanner detect the radioactivity in the blood flow of your brain
PET scan
54
pros of PET
good spatial resolution
55
cons of PET
poor temporal resolution, invasive
56
oxygen concentration of blood flow to the brain
fMRI; BOLD = blood oxygen level dependent
57
pros of fMRI
okay temporal and spatial resolution, noninvasive
58
cons of fMRI
not the same as neuroactivity, susceptible to motion artifacts
59
a topic can be studied in a number of different ways, with each approach contributing its own dimension to our understanding
levels of analysis
60
small units in the brain that create and transmit information about what we experience and know
neurons
61
similar to a continuous highway network connecting everything together
nerve net
62
individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system, cells are not continuous with other cells
neuron doctrine
63
metabolic center of the neuron
cell body
64
branches from cell body to receive signals from other neurons
dendrites
65
long processes that transmit signals to other neurons
axon or nerve fiber
66
gap between axon and dendrites
synapse
67
groups of interconnected neurons
neural circuits
68
in the 1920's, this person was able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons
edgar adrian
69
difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber when it is at rest
resting potential
70
an electrical response that is propagated down the length of the axon
nerve impulse or action potential
71
chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials
neurotransmitter
72
everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system
principle of neural representation
73
area at the back of the brain that receives signals from the eye
visual cortex
74
layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye
retina
75
neurons that respond to orientation, movement, and length
feature detectors
76
progression from lower to higher areas of the brain
hierarchical processing
77
how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment
sensory code
78
an object can be represented by the firing of specialized neurons that only respond to that object
specificity coding
79
representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing a large number of neurons
population coding
80
a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons, the rest are silent
sparse coding
81
specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain
localization of function
82
layer of tissue that covers the brain
cerebral cortex
83
speech, producing language
broca's area
84
comprehending language
wernicke's area
85
lobe that contains the visual cortex
occipital lobe
86
lobe that corresponds to hearing
temporal lobe
87
lobe that controls touch, pressure, and pain
parietal lobe
88
lobe that deals with coordination, thinking, and problem solving
frontal lobe
89
concept of determining which areas of the brain are activated by different cognitions
brain imaging
90
small cubed shaped areas of the brain
voxels
91
part of the brain activated by seeing faces
FFA
92
area of the brain dealing with spacial layout
PPA
93
area of the brain activated by pictures of bodies
EBA
94
the idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain
distributed representation
95
groups of neurons that are connected
neural networks
96
technique in which you are detecting how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers
DTI
97
experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses
perception
98
the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
inverse projection problem
99
the ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints
viewpoint invariance
100
ability to tell when one word ends and the next one begins
speech segmentation
101
pain occurs when receptors in the skin called nociceptors are stimulated and send their signals in a direct path from skin to brain. an example of bottom up processing
direct pathway model
102
"non-active ingredient" concept where patients feel better after taking the stimulus when in reality it does nothing
placebo effect
103
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
likelihood principle
104
our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions/inferences that we make about the environment
unconscious inference
105
describe the orientations of the brain
```
front - anterior
back - posterior
out - medial
in - lateral
top - dorsal
bottom - ventral
```
106
magnetic pulses that are applied through the scalp onto the surface of the brain creating temporary "lesions', not imaging
TMS
107
most sensitive parts of our body and require more motor functions in the brain
hands, lips, tongue
108
three ways to cut the brain in half
coronal - perpendicular to corpus callosum
saggital - corpus callosum, splitting left and right
horizontal - top and bottom half
109
folds on the cortex
gyrus
110
this man divided the brain into 52 areas
brodmann
111
part of the eye that can detect colors and details
fovea
112
true or false: there are more cones than rods in the fovea
true
113
difference in sensitivity: cones and rods
rods are sensitive to lower levels of light and not color
| cones are sensitive to color differences and allow us to see in great detail
114
these cells collect information from the retina and combine together to form the optic nerve
ganglion cells
115
when cells are activated they inhibit neighboring cells, very early stages of perception
lateral inhibition
116
this man created 5 visual functions in the occipital cortex
zeki
117
describe ares v1 - v5
v1 and v2: color and form
v3: form
v4: color and line orientation
v5: visual motion
118
useful for navigation and to indicate movement of objects relative to the viewer, crucial in locomotion
MST
119
the brain combines the discrepancy of images from the left and right eye to provide info about depth
binocular vision
120
monocular cue that states that parallel lines appear closer as they recede into the distance
linear perspective
121
monocular cue that states that light scatters at is travels through the atmosphere, becomes hazy
aerial perspective
122
monocular cue that states that details becomes less clear as you look into the distance
texture gradient
123
monocular cue that states that a closer object hides part of a more distant object
interposition
124
monocular cue that states that the presence of shading provides evidence for 3D objects
shading
125
monocular cue that state that when the observer moves sideways, closer objects appear to travel faster than far away objects
motion paraliax
126
stereopsis depends on the difference in the images projected on the retina of the two eyes, only useful for nearby objects
binocular cues
127
oculomotor cue where eyes turn inwards to focus on closer objects
convergence
128
oculomotor cue where variance in optical power produced by the thickening and thinning of the lens, objects in close proximity
accommodation
129
principle that states that connected points resulting in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together
principle of good continuation
130
principle that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
principle of good figure
131
principle that states that similar things appear to be grouped together
principle of similarity
132
regularly occurring physical properties of the environment
physical regularities
133
people can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily that other orientations
oblique effect
134
the assumption we make that light comes from above, as in the sun
light from above assumption
135
characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes
semantic regularities
136
knowledge of what a given scene typically contains
scene schema
