Unit 1 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
flexion
A
any movements resulting in a decrease in a joint angle
2
Q
extension
A
any movement resulting in an increase of a joint angle
3
Q
hyperextension
A
movement of any joint’t normal position of extension or anatomical position
4
Q
pronation
A
palm-down position of the hands by movement at the radio-ulnar joint
5
Q
supination
A
palm-up position of the hands by movement of the radio-ulnar joint
6
Q
dorsiflexion
A
Movement at the ankle joint causing the sole of the foot to go upward
7
Q
plantarflexion
A
Movement at the ankle joint causing the sole of the foot to go downward.
8
Q
inversion
A
Movement of the sole of the foot medially
9
Q
eversion
A
Movement of the sole of the foot laterally or outward.
10
Q
diagonal abduction
A
Movement of a limb through a diagonal plane across and away from the midline of the body
11
Q
diagonal adduction
A
Movement by a limb through a diagonal plane across and toward the midline of the body
12
Q
elevation
A
Upward movement of the entire scapula
13
Q
depression
A
Downward movement of the entire scapula
14
Q
upward rotation
A
Rotary movement of the scapula with the inferior angle of the scapula moving laterally and upward
15
Q
downward rotation
A
Rotary movement of the scapula with the inferior angle of the scapula moving medially and downward
16
Q
retraction
A
Backward movement of the scapula toward the midline of the body.
17
Q
protraction
A
Forward movement of the scapula; away from the midline
18
Q
abduction
A
Movement of a body part or limb away from the midline
19
Q
adduction
A
Movement of a body part or limb toward the body midline
20
Q
horizontal adduction
transverse flexion
A
Movement of an upper limb through the transverse plane at shoulder level and toward the midline of the body.
21
Q
horizontal abduction
transverse extension
A
Movement of an upper limb through the transverse plane at shoulder level and away from the midline of the body
22
Q
lateral flexion
A
Movement of the head and/or trunk laterally away from the midline of the body
23
Q
kinesiology
A
Study concerning the anatomical and mechanical bases of human movement related specifically to sport, dance, and adaptive activities
24
Q
biomechanics
A
Involves the application of physical laws to movement.
25
what is biomechanics used in
human movement
| sport application
26
2 categories of mechanics
statics
| dynamics
27
statics
study of factors associated with non-moving systems
28
dynamics
study of factors associated with systems in motion.
29
kinematics
study of time and space factors of motion of a system
| speed, velocity, acceleration
30
kinetics
study of forces acting on a body that influences its motion
| force, energy, impulse, momentum
31
movement
Created by muscle pull (not push)
Muscle or tendon must cross the joint in order for movement to occur.
Movement exists only at the joint crossed by the muscle or tendon.
32
muscle action
Muscles act in pairs
Agonist; Contract; Innervated
Antagonist; Relax; Inhibited
33
concentric contraction
tension while muscle is shortening
34
eccentric contraction
tension while muscle is lengthening
35
example of concentric contration
bicep curl during flexion. Uses elbow flexor muscles
36
example of eccentric contraction
bicep curl during extension or return to starting position.
| Lengthening under tension and uses the same muscles as does concentric flexion. Uses elbow flexor muscles
37
origin
stable end of attachment
38
insertion
moving end of the muscle or greater ROM
39
proximal
close the trunk of the body
40
distal
farther from trunk of the body
41
medial
toward the midline of the trunk
42
lateral
away from the midline of the trunk
43
3 major areas of study of kinesiology
mechanics (biomechanics)
anatomy (muscoskeletal anatomy)
physiology (neuromuscular physiology)
44
what does every structure that participates in movement of the body follow
physical and physiological principles
45
reason to study kinesiology
to improve performance
analyze movements of the human body
understand principles regarding human motion
46
knowledge from kinesiology should promote performance with regard to
safety
effectiveness
efficiency
47
safety
structure movements to avoid doing harm to the body
48
effectiveness
success or failure of meeting goals of performance
49
efficiency
striving to achieve movement goal with least amount of effort
50
contraction
muscle exerts tension to create or allow movement
51
if muscle is shortening what happens
both ends shorten toward the center
52
continuous motor skill
cyclic in nature, no beginning or ending
53
simultaneous motion
segments move as one
push-pull
motion is directed along a straight line
54
sequential motion
segments move in an orderly sequence
throwing, striking
used to obtain maximum speed at impact of release
55
what should you focus on with errors
the cause of the error not the symptoms
56
musculoskeletal system as a lever system
rigid bar- bone
fulcrum- joint
force- muscle
resistance- weight
57
musculoskeletal framework
arrangement of bones, joints, and muscles
acts as a lever system
anatomical lever
force- weight or gravity
58
what do lever systems allow
a great number of coordinated movements
59
anatomical lever
bone that engages in movement when force is applied to it
60
how do muscles produce motion
by shortening
61
three classes of levers
```
class 1 FAR
class 2 ARF
class 3 AFR
```
62
what are most lever systems in the body
class 3
63
axial
skull, sprinal column, sternum, ribs
64
appendicular
upper extremity
lower extremity
pelvis
65
upper extreemity
scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, wrist, hand
66
lower extremity
pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, ankle, foot
67
pelvis
links sacral vertebrae and femur
| three fused bones illium, ishium, pubis
68
functions of the skeleton
```
protect vital organs
support soft tissue
make red blood cells
reservoir of minerals
provide attachment site for muscles
act as levers to protect movement
```
69
bone classification
long, short, flat, irregular
70
long bone
shaft or body with medullary canal and relatively broad, knobby ends
femur, tibia
71
short bone
relativley small, chunky, solid
| carpals and tarsals
72
flat bone
flat and plate like
| sternum, scapulae
73
irregular bone
bones of spinal column
74
mechanical axis of bone
straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end
may lie outside of shaft
75
skeletal changes
growth
| degeneration
76
growth of bones
osteogenesis
initial matrix
osteoblasts form bone on matrix
bone forms in response to loading stress
77
degeneration of bone
osteoclasts reabsorb bone in the absence of stress
| bone become more porous and brittle, osteoporosis
78
2 bone types
compact
| cancellous
79
compact bone
dense outer bone
80
cancellous bone
open, spongy looking inner bone
81
what is bone growth affected by
stesses
nutrition
injury
disease
82
stresses on bone
compression
tensile
shear
torision
83
joint structure
```
hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
articular capsule
ligaments
tendons
```
84
characteristics of diarthrosis
```
articular cavity
ligamentous capsule
synovial membrane
surfaces are smooth
surfaces covered with cartilage
```
85
muscle attachment
tendinous
| fibrous
86
tendinous muscle attachment
attach to bone by tendons
serves to concentrate muscle force
can change angle of pull depending on joint angle
87
fibrous muscle attachment
attach directly to periosteum of bone
88
joint stabilty
```
bony structure
ligaments
muscle and tendons
fascia and skin
atmospheric pressure
```
89
properties of articular connective tissue
exercise improves tensile strength
both tendons and ligaments are elastic
either may become plastic if stretched past the elastic limit
90
structural classification
based on presence or absence of a joint cavity
| further classified by shape or nature of tissues that connect the bones
91
diathrosis
there is a seperation or joint cavity
freely moveable joints
most common in study of human motion
92
synarthrosis characteristics
no articular cavity, no capsule, synovial membrane, or synovial fluid
in 2nd type, bones are united by cartilage or fibrous tissue
in 3rd type not a true joint, but is a ligamentous connection between bones
93
cartiligous joint
| synarthrosis
united by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions
94
fibrous joint
| synarthrosis
edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted
95
ligamentous joints
| synarthrosis
two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type
96
irregular joint
| diarthrosis
irreglar surfaces, flat or slightly curved, permits gliding movement
97
hinge joint
| diarthrosis
convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/ extension
98
pivot joint
| diarthrosis
a peg like pivot, permits rotation
99
condyloid joint
| diarthrosis
oval or egg shaped, convex surface fits into a reiprocal concave surface, biaxial permits flex/ext, ab/adduction, circumduction
100
ball and socket
| diarthrosis
head of one bone fits into the cup of the other bone
101
6 classes of diarthrodial joints
```
irregular nonaxial 0p
hinge uniaxial 1p
pivot uniaxial 1p
condyloid biaxial 2p
saddle biaxial 2p
ball and socket triaxial 3p
```
102
saddle
| diarthrosis
modification of condyloid, both surdaces are convex and concave, biaxial, permits flex/ext, ab/adduction, circumduction
103
exammple of gliding diarthrodial joint
carpals, tarsals
104
example hinge diarthrodial joint
elbow, knee
105
example pivot diarthrodial joint
atlantoaxial, radioulnar
106
example condyloid diarthrodial joint
wrist, carpometacarpal
107
example saddle diarthrodial joint
thumb
108
example ball and socket diarthrodial joint
hip, shoulder
109
what is the function of joints
provide a means of moving, or rather of being moved
110
secondary functions of joints
provide stability without interfering with the desired motions
111
emerson's law
for everthing that is given, something is taken
112
what is gained at the expense of stability
movement
113
what enhances stability
bone structure of joint
ligament and muscular arrangement around joint
fascia and skin
atmospheric pressure
114
ligaments
strong, flexible, stress-resistant somewhat elastic fibrous tissues that form bands or cords
115
what do ligaments joint
bone to bone
116
what do ligaments help maintain
relationship to bone
117
what do ligaments resist
movements for which a joint is not constructed for
118
what happens to a ligament when subjected to prolonged stress
stretching, function is affected
119
how do muscles aid in stability
by spanning the joint, especially when bony structure contributes little to stability
120
fascia
fibrous connective tissue, may form thin membranes or tough, fibrous sheets,
121
what can cause stretching in fascia
intense or prolonged stress
122
range of motion
joint specific
| individual specific
123
3 factors that affect the stability of a joint also related to ROM
shape of articular surfaces
restraining effect of ligaments
muscles and tendons
124
most important factor that affects the stability of a joint also related to ROM
muscles and tendons
125
what should flexibility not exceed
muscle's ability to maintain integrity of joint
126
factors that affect ROM
```
bulk
gender
body build
heredity
occupation
exercise
fitness
age
injury or disease
```
127
how to asses ROM
goniometer
leighton flexometer
elgon
film analysis
128
what do you measure for ROM
degree from starting position to its maximal movement
129
gonimeter
axis placed directly over center of joint, one arm held stationary, other help to moving segment
130
videotape assesment
joint centers are marked to be visible in projected motion
joint angle can be taken from images
segment action must occur in picture plane
131
how to improve ROM
static stretching
ballistic stretching
PNF stretching
132
PNF
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
133
interrelationship stability and mobility
not mutually exclusive
weight lifting
for joint instability
134
weight lifting
high weight, low reps
| low weight, high reps
135
joint stability
weight training with limited ROM
| high intensity, low repetition workout
136
advantage of diagonal line of pull
transfer force distally
slows down follow through
allows maximum angular momentum
137
axis of rotation
imaginary line passing through joint
| movement occurs in a plane around an axis of rotation
138
three axis of rotation
vertical - longitudinal
frontal- bilateral, horizontal, r/l
sagittal- ant/post
139
center of gravity
imaginary point representing the weight center of an object
140
line of gravity
imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity
141
axis of motion
bilateral
anteroposterior
vertical
142
bilateral axis of motion
axis passes horizontal from side to side, perpendicular to sagittal plane
143
anteroposterior
axis passes horizontal from front to back, perpendicular to frontal plane
144
vertical
axis is perpendicular to the ground and transverse plane
145
where does rotation occur
in a plane and around an axis
146
what is axis of movement
always at a right angles to the plane in which it occurs
147
movement in sagittal plane about a bilateral axis
tipping head forward
| raising forearm straight up
148
movements in frontal plane about an AP axis
abduction
adduction
lateral flexion
149
movement transverse plane about a vertical axis
rotation left and right
lateral and medial rotation
supination and pronation
150
circumduction
whole segment describes a cone
151
system for classification of motor skills
maintaining erect posture
movement for exercise and fitness
giving motion
receiving impact
152
giving motion
to external objects
| to one's own body
153
giving motion to external objects
pushing and pulling
lifting and carrying
punching
throwing, striking, and kicking
154
giving motion to one's own body
supported by the ground or other resistant surface
suspended and free of support
supported by water
155
example of supported by the ground or other resistant surface
locomotion on foot
locomotion on wheels, blades, and runners
rotary locomotion
156
example of suspended and free of support
swinging activities in trapeze, flying rings
hand traveling on traveling rings or horizontal ladder
unsupported, projected into or falling through air
weightlessness
157
example of supported by water
swimming
aquatic stunts
boating
158
receiving impact
from one's own body in landing from a jump or fall
| from external objects in catching, trapping, spotting, or intercepting
159
osteoblasts
builds bone
160
osteoclasts
tears bone down
