Unit 1

Question 1

clinical problem solving starts with:

Answer 1

problem identification

Question 2

four steps in case management

Answer 2

1: data base collection
2: problem identification
3: plan formulation
4: assessment and follow-up

Question 3

what is the most important step in case management and what does it entail

Answer 3

data base collection! entails a thorough history and physical exam at first, then later the results of tests

Question 4

what three components are within the plan for each problem in a case

Answer 4

• diagnostic (Dx) plan
• therapeutic (Rx) plan
• client education (CE) plan

Question 5

what is the diagnostic plan

Answer 5

you list the differential diagnoses (ddx) for each problem and decide which diagnostic tests/procedures will rule-in or rule-out the proposed causes

Question 6

what is the therapeutic plan

Answer 6

specific or symptomatic treatment indicated for each problem

Question 7

when making the client education plan, what are some factors we should consider

Answer 7

• what should we tell the client about the problem?
• what do we recommend?
• what is the prognosis and estimated cost?

Question 8

what does SOAP stand for

Answer 8

Subjective Data
Objective Data
Assessment
Plan

Question 9

normal canine temperature

Answer 9

100 - 102.5

Question 10

normal canine heart rate

Answer 10

< 120

Question 11

what is PaO2 and PaCO2

Answer 11

the partial pressure of arterial oxygen and arterial CO2

Question 12

what is FiO2

Answer 12

fraction of inspired O2

room air = 21%

Question 13

what is SaO2

Answer 13

saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

Question 14

what is SpO2

Answer 14

Saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen as determined by pulse oximetry

Question 15

tachypnea

Answer 15

increased respiratory rate

Question 16

hyperpnea

Answer 16

increase in depth and rate of respiration

Question 17

orthopnea

Answer 17

dyspnea that improves with altering body position

Question 18

dyspnea

Answer 18

the sensation of distressed breathing; “oxygen hunger”

Question 19

cyanosis

Answer 19

blue/purple coloration of tissue due to hypoxemia

Question 20

hypercapnia (aka hypercarbia)

Answer 20

increased PaCO2 (partial pressure of arterial CO2)

Question 21

hypoxemia

Answer 21

decreased PaO2 (partial pressure of arterial O2)

Question 22

hypoxia

Answer 22

decreased O2 delivered to the tissues

Question 23

tidal volume

Answer 23

volume of gas passing into and out of lung with each respiratory cycle

Question 24

minute ventilation

Answer 24

volume of gas passing in and out of lung in 1 minute

Question 25

two main chemoreceptors that control breathing

Answer 25

- central chemoreceptors (medulla) responds to changes in PaCO2 - peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid bodies) respond to change in PaO2

Question 26

five main causes of hypoxemia

Answer 26

1: hypoventilation 2: V/Q mismatch 3: diffusion barrier/impairment 4: low inspired O2 5: right to left shunt

Question 27

what value of PaCO2 is indicative of respiratory failure

Answer 27

PaCO2 > 60 mmHg

Question 28

what values indicate hypoventilation (and hypercapnia) of dogs? cats?

Answer 28

dogs: PaCO2 > 45mmHg cats: PaCO2 > 40mmHg

Question 29

respiratory pattern of upper airway distress

Answer 29

increased effort on inspiration

Question 30

respiratory pattern of lower airway distress

Answer 30

increased effort on expiration with an abdominal push

Question 31

respiratory pattern for pulmonary parenchyma disease

Answer 31

mixed inspiratory and expiratory effort with crackling sounds

Question 32

describe stertor

Answer 32

shorty bulldog noise produced in the nasopharynx

Question 33

describe stridor

Answer 33

high pitched, harsh noise produced in the larynx/pharynx

Question 34

list some common look-a-like diseases that cause tachypnea

Answer 34

``` metabolic acidosis anemia stress neurological disease feline hyperthyroidism ```

Question 35

four important steps of stabilizing dyspnea

Answer 35

- oxygen - minimize stress - butorphanol +/- acepromazine - treat underlying disease

Question 36

four common causes of unilateral nasal discharge

Answer 36

- foreign body - early neoplasia - tooth root abscess - early fungal infection

Question 37

four common causes of bilateral nasal discharge

Answer 37

- rhinitis (inflammation) - systemic disease - late neoplasia - late fungal

Question 38

five common signs of nasal disease

Answer 38

- epistaxis (nasal bleeding) - reverse sneezing - facial/nasal symmetry - ocular signs (discharge, squinting)

Question 39

how to check for nasal airflow

Answer 39

use a slide, stethoscope, or unraveled cotton

Question 40

how is nasal neoplasia treated

Answer 40

- radiation therapy | - palliative care (NSAIDs especially)