Unit 1 Flashcards

(184 cards)

1
Q

What is a Monosaccharide

A

A simple, single sugar

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2
Q

How many Carbon Atoms are in a Triose Monosaccharide

A

3

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3
Q

Name an important Triose molecule

A

Glyceraldehyde

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4
Q

what is Glycogen made up of

A

Alpha Glucose

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5
Q

Is Fructose soluble

A

Yes

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6
Q

What is Galactose important in the production of

A

Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

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7
Q

Name two important important pentose molecules

A

Ribose and Deoxyribose

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8
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

A reaction where water is removed from a reaction and from this bonds are made.

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9
Q

What bond forms between monosaccharides

A

glyosidic bond

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10
Q

what is maltose made up of

A

2 glucose molecules

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11
Q

what is lactose made up of

A

Glucose and Galactose

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12
Q

What is Sucrose made up of

A

fructose and Glucose

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13
Q

What type of sugars are Galactose and Fructose

A

Hexose sugars

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14
Q

What is the definition of a polysaccharide

A

polysaccharides are polymers containing many monosaccharides linked by glyosidic bonds

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15
Q

What is the function/ purpose of polysaccharides

A

Mainly to be used as energy store and as structural components of cells

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16
Q

Name 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, Glucose and Glycogen

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17
Q

What is a cellulose molecule made up of

A

Beta Glucose

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18
Q

What is a Hydrolysis reaction

A

A reaction where water is added and bonds are broken

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19
Q

How many carbons does glycerol have

A

3

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20
Q

In what reaction is an ester bond usually formed

A

A condensation reaction

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21
Q

What groups does an Ester bond form between

A

One of the OH groups of the Glycerol and, on the COOH groups of the Fatty Acids

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22
Q

What is the difference between a Saturated Fatty acid and a Un-saturated Fatty Acid.

A

A saturated fatty acid only contain single bonds between carbon atoms creating a straight line. Unlike, Unsaturated Fatty Acids which contain double carbon bonds between carbon atoms creating a ‘kink’ in the chain.

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23
Q

What are the 3 main roles of a lipid

A
  1. ) Energy source
  2. ) Insulation
  3. ) Protection
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24
Q

What does Hydrophilic mean

A

Enjoys and likes water.

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25
What does Hydrophobic mean
Hates and Repels water
26
How many Fatty acids does a phospholipid have
2
27
What do phospholipids form due to their Hydrophilic heads and Hydrophobic tails in aqueous environments
Bilayers
28
What is the structure of a steroid
4 rings structure
29
What does the Amino group consist of
H2N (2 hydrogen and 1 nitrogen atoms)
30
What does the Carboxylic acid group consist of
COOH
31
How many R groups does a Dipeptide have
2
32
What is the Primary Structure of a polypeptide
The order/sequence of amino acids
33
What is the Secondary Structure of a polypeptide
Is when it goes into an Alpha Helix or a Beta Pleated Sheet
34
What is a Tertiary Structure polypeptide
When it takes on a 3-D state with disulphide, ionic and hydrogen bonds
35
What is a quaternary structure polypeptide
Multiple tertiary polypeptides bonded together.
36
One example of a Fibrous Protein
Collagen
37
What is a Fibrous Protein
A stranded more straight protein
38
What is a Globular Protein
A more spherical protein
39
examples of Globular proteins
Transport Proteins - Hormones or Haemoglobin. e.g. and Enzymes - Lipase and DNA polymers. e.g.
40
Name 3 things a catalyst does
1. ) speeds up the rate of reaction. 2. ) Lowers the activation energy. 3. )Doesn't get used up in the reaction itself.
41
What does Anabolic mean
Building up
42
What does Catabolic mean
Breaking down
43
Name 2 Enzyme theories
The Lock & Key theory and The Induced Fit Theory.
44
What does 'selectively Permeable' mean
Controls what can enter and leave the cell
45
Give an example of something that is selectively permeable
Cell membrane
46
what does the nucleus consist of
the nucleolus and chromatin
47
What is the nucleus surrounded by
Nucleus membrane
48
What is the main function of the nucleolus
it is where ribosomes start to form
49
Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum seen to be 'rough'
covered by ribsomes
50
Why are ribosomes so close to the nucleus.
so RNA can travel to it straight away
51
What is a function of smooth ER
Transports proteins
52
Functions of Glycoprotein
involvement in cell recognition and membrane stabilisation as well as receptor molecules
53
What is the main function of a receptor molecule
receives information outside of the cell
54
Functions of Phospholipid Bilayer
1. ) Forms the structural basis of membranes. 2. ) Acts as a barrier to some molecules. 3. ) Enables others to freely cross membranes
55
Functions of cholesterol
stabilises cell membrane, without it membranes would burst open.
56
Functions of Intrinsic Proteins
1. ) Important in cell signalling | 2. ) Important in transport of substances across membranes
57
examples of small, non-polar molecules
Oxygen and CO2
58
Examples of small, polar molecules
Water and Urea
59
Charged particles (ions) are likely or unlikely to diffuse across a membrane
unlikely even if very small
60
What is a nucleic acid.
A long chained polymer formed from nucleotide monomers (DNA, RNA.)
61
What is a phospholipid Bilayer
2 layers of phospholipids back to back.
62
What is facilitated diffusion
Needs something to help it get passed membrane
63
What is the definition of Diffusion
The net movement of particles down a concentration gradient : From a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
64
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion.
Increase in temperature = more kinetic energy = particles moving faster.
65
How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion
Increase in surface area, increase in rate of diffusion
66
How does thickness/viscosity affect the rate of diffusion
The thicker the membrane = the slower the rate of diffusion | Thin membrane = increased rate of diffusion
67
How does concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion
The larger it is = The increased rate of diffusion
68
How does polarity affect the rate of diffusion
less polar (no charge difference) = easy diffusion
69
how does the size of a molecule affect the rate of diffusion
smaller = easier diffusion
70
What is the job of a carrier protein
to allow a molecule correct for it through
71
What is the definition of Osmosis
The net movement of water particles from a region of less negative water potential to a region of more negative water potential, through a partially permeable membrane
72
q
q
73
more negative water potential =
lower
74
The grater the amount of solute = the lower/higher the water potential
lower
75
What does Hypertonic mean
lowest water potential - leaves cell shrivelled
76
What does Hypertonic mean?
same concentration as a cell - No net movement to cell.
77
What does Hypotonic mean.
Highest water potential - enters cell could burst cell
78
what is the definition of active transport
Net movement of particles from low to high concentration (against the gradient) using carrier proteins, requiring ATP.
79
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
80
What is ATP
1. )Uptake of glucose and Amino acids in small intestine 2. ) Absorption of mineral ions by plant roots 3. )Excretion of Hydrogen ions and Urea by Kidneys 4. )Exchange of sodium and potassium ions in neurons and muscle cells
81
What are the 2 types of Bulk Transport and what do they do
Endocytosis and Exocytosis | involved in changes to membranes shape.
82
What is Endocytosis
When material enters the cell
83
What is Exocytosis
When material leaves the cell
84
What is the genetic code
A linear, triplet, non - overlapping, degenerate, unambiguous, universal code for the production of polypeptides.
85
What is the function of the Liver
secretes bile, stores Glycogen, Breaks down toxic chemicals - Alcohol.
86
Function of the Gall Bladder
Stores Bile
87
What is Transcription
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). DNA safely and stably stores genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a reference, or template.
88
What is Translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes.
89
Function of the liver:
Secretes Bile. Stores Glycogen and Breaks down toxic chemicals - alcohol
90
What does Bile do
Emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid.
91
What does the Gall Bladder do
Stores Bile
92
What is the duodenum
The first and shorter segment of the small intestine
93
Function of the duodenum
Receives particularly digested food ( Known as Chyme.)
94
What is the function of the Ileum
receives Chyme - Enzymes. Has relatively thin smooth muscle - to contract to help with food movement - villi - micro villi - SA
95
What are the parts of the Gut Wall
``` Epithelium Mucosa Submucosa Muscle Layer Serosa ```
96
What is in saliva that helps it break up starch
Amylase
97
What 3 functions of saliva
1. ) Includes amylase - breaks up starch 2. ) Spreads taste around mouth 3. ) Inhibits bacterial growth in the buccal cavity
98
What are 4 functions of mucus
1. ) protects 2. ) lubricate 3. ) carries antibodies 4. ) Helps peristalsis
99
What breaks down starch
salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase into maltose
100
What hydrolyses starch further
maltose to alpha glucose
101
What is lactose
a sugar present in milk - disaccharide
102
What are disaccharides made up of
2 monosaccharides or simple sugars
103
What is lactose made up of
Glucose and Galactose
104
What is Sucrose made up of
Glucose and Fructose
105
Do nutrients diffuse
yes
106
Are nutrients soluble
yes
107
Ph of Amylase
7 - neutral
108
Ph of Sucrase
4.5 - Acidic
109
Ph of Lactase
2-4 - very acidic
110
What is the main role of Endopeptidase
Breaks Peptide bonds in middle of chain
111
What is the main role of Exopeptidase
Breaks peptide bonds at end of peptide chain
112
What is a long chain of amino acids called
polypeptides
113
What are 2 inactive enzymes
Pepsinogen and Trypsinogen
114
Where is pepsinogen made
stomach
115
What is produced from pepsinogen
Pepsin
116
What is produced from Trypsinogen
Trypsin
117
What activates trypsinogen
An enteropeptidase known as Enterokinase activates it
118
What activates Pepsinogen
Hydrochloric acid
119
What is Enterokinase
An enzyme produced by duodenum cells and involved in digestion. secreted from intestinal gland.
120
What are lipases
A group of enzymes that break down fat molecules into glycerol and fatty acids.
121
What is the order of the respiratory system
Mouth - Trachea - Bronchus/Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli - capillary
122
What is surrounded by rings of cartilage
Trachea
123
Does alveoli have a High/low capillary density
high
124
how many cells thick is the alveoli
1 cell thick
125
Why is it useful that an alveoli has a large surface area
so that there is an increased rate of diffusion
126
Deoxygenated blood enters alveoli, leaves...
oxygenated
127
What is the benefit of an alveoli being one cell thick
there is a shorter diffusion distance
128
What is the long surfactant made of
Phospholipids
129
what are the functions of the lung surfactant
1. ) Prevents lungs from collapsing | 2. ) Reduces surface tension
130
What are the functions of goblet cells
1. ) turn mucia into mucus. | 2. ) Traps pathogens to prevent infection
131
On ciliated epithelial cells what is the job of the cilia
wafts mucus into stomach
132
what can damage cilia
smoking
133
What are the steps for inspiration
1. )Diaphragm - contracts 2. )Intercostal muscle contracts and ribs go up and out 3. ) Increased volume of thoracic cavity 4. ) Decreased pressure 5. ) As atmospheric pressure is higher air gets forced in.
134
What are the steps for expiration
1. )Diaphragm - loosens and relaxes. 2. ) Intercostal muscle loosens and ribs go down and in. 3. )Decreased volume of thoracic cavity. 4. )Increased pressure 5. )As atmospheric pressure is lower air gets forced out .
135
What is the pleural cavity
Is a gap between the chest wall and outer walls of the lungs - filled by water cohesion - helps lungs expand with the chest while breathing.
136
What is the role of pleural fluid
lubricates the lungs
137
What is the RCC and what other control centres does it contain
Respiratory control centre, contains inspiratory control centre and expiratory control centre.
138
What are the 4 receptors of the RCC and what are each of them sensitive towards.
Chemoreceptor - change in CO2, Lactic acid Proprioceptor - change in Movement Thermoreceptor - Change in Temperature Baroreceptor - Change in Pressure
139
What is the cardiac cycle from lungs to the body
lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - body
140
What is the cardiac cycle form body to the lungs
body - vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary arteries - lungs.
141
Why can the heart be called a double pump
double pump = 2 sides of the heart. right side = lungs left side = body
142
What muscle makes up the heart
cardiac muscle
143
what does the cardiac muscle do
contracts involuntarily
144
What is cardiac muscle connected by
cytoplasmic bridges
145
What is the function of the Atrial systole
Atria contract = pressure increase - blood forced into ventricles through bi and tri valves
146
What is the function of ventricular systole
Ventricles contract = increased pressure - blood forced out of heart through pulmonary artery and aorta.
147
What is diastolic pressure
Relaxation phase = Atria refill with blood - needs to relax to allow oxygenated blood in.
148
What is another term for the mouth
Buccal cavity
149
What does the mouth contain.
Teeth Tounge Salivary glands
150
What are 3 functions of the Salivary glands
- Produces saliva - Moistens food helping to create a bolus (ball of food you can swallow.) - Contains amylase - breaks starch into maltose and dextrin. Maltose then breaks down into alpha glucose - therefore hydrolysed (gone through hydrolysis. - inhibits bacterial growth.
151
What is peristalsis in the oesophagus.
Muscular rhythm contraction that pushes food down into the stomach.
152
Why does the oesophagus have cartilage rings
Protect the oesophagus and trachea from damage and they hold it in place.
153
What does protease(pepsin) do in the stomach
breaks proteins into amino acids.
154
What does HCL do in the stomach.
- breaks food into smaller pieces and gives correct pH of 1-2. - Kills majority of bacteria and pathogens.
155
What is the main role of chemical and mechanical digestion.
break down food.
156
What sphincters are there..
lower oesophageal sphincter and pyloric sphincter.
157
Where is the oesophagul sphincter
toe of stomach at entrance
158
Where is the pyloric sphincter
bottom of stomach at exit.
159
what does myogenic mean
can beat without any input from nervous system.
160
What is another word for the sinoatrial node.
pacemaker
161
what are the 6 steps of the conduction system.
1. )Sinoatrial node fires impulses around the atria. 2. )Slight delay at atrioventricular node - to allow blood into ventricles. 3. )Atrioventricular node fires impulses down the bundle of his. 4. )Impulses spreads around ventricles in the purkinje fibres. 5. )Ventricles contract. -= blood forced out of heart. 5. )Diastole phase - atria fill with blood.
162
What dos the p-wave mean in terms of the conduction system
That the Atria is depolarizing.
163
What does the QRS Complex mean in terms of then conduction system
that the ventricles are depolarizing.
164
What does the T-wave mean in terms of the conduction system
That the ventricles are repolarizing.
165
What are 4 features of arteries
1. ) The can expand and contract. 2. ) Small Lumen 3. ) Thick muscular wall. 4. )Blood under a lot of pressure.
166
What are 3 features of veins.
1. )Low pressure 2. ) Mainly carry deoxygenated blood. 3. )More veins than arteries.
167
What do arteries transport blood from
heart
168
Why are arteries structured as they are
so they can withstand and maintain high pressure.
169
What is the job of arterioles
to constrict and reduce blood flow through the capillaries. have less elastic tissue and more smooth muscles.
170
What are the main functions of blood
1. ) Transportation 2. )Defence 3. )Thermoregulation 4. )Maintaining pH of bodily fluids.
171
What are the 3 main types of cell
1. )Erythrocytes. - red blood cells. 2. )Leukocytes - White blood cells. 3. )Thrombocyte - clot the blood.
172
How much of the blood is made up of plasma
55%
173
How is an erythrocyte structured
flattened biconcave disc shape.
174
Why does an erythrocyte have its flattened biconcave disc structure
- To have a large amount of haemoglobin - for transporting more oxygen - No nucleus or organelles. - to make more space for haemoglobin. - Thinner to reduce diffusion distance.
175
What are thrombocytes responsible for.
Blood clotting.
176
How is oxygen transported
1. ) Transported in haemoglobin. red pigment cells in erythrocytes. 2. ) Oxygen diffuses into blood at lungs. Binds to haemoglobin proteins (oxyhaemoglobin.) 3. ) Oxygen disassociates from haemoglobin in the tissue and diffuses into the tissue.
177
How is C02 transported
Transported in 3 ways; 1. ) As dissolved C02 in the blood. 2. ) As Carbaminohemoglobin inn the red blood cells. 3. ) As HCO3 ions in the red blood cells
178
What is an antigen
A protein found on outside of a cell acts as a signal to other cells.
179
What is the use of maltose in living organisms
Product of starch digestion
180
What is the purpose of sucrose in living organisms
Table sugar
181
What is the purpose of lactose in living organisms
Milk sugar
182
What is glycogen
a branched polymer of alpha-glucose
183
What is glycogen used for in the human body
An energy store on muscle and liver cells.
184
Why does being branched help glycogen
Can easily be hydrolysed back into alpha glucose