Unit 1 Flashcards
Chapters 1-5 (110 cards)
1
Q
Evolution
A
Process of change that exists through life on Earth
2
Q
Biology
A
The study of life
3
Q
Emergent Properties
A
Characteristics that nonbiological entities have based on the arrangement/interaction of parts in a system
4
Q
Reductionism
A
The view of breaking down complex systems/processes into smaller parts to gain understanding
5
Q
Cell
A
The smallest/simplest form of life
6
Q
DNA
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid, universal genetic code
7
Q
Gene
A
Sections of a chromosome that encode information for specific protein synthesis that show up in phenotypes
8
Q
Genome
A
An organism’s entire set of genetic instructions
9
Q
Genomics
A
The study of sets of genes within and between species
10
Q
Proteomics
A
The study of proteins encoded by the genome varying between species
11
Q
Ecosystem
A
A biological community of interacting organisms and their environment
12
Q
Environment
A
The physical surroundings in which an organism lives
13
Q
Cellular Feedback
A
The process by which cells create various chemical pathways to communicate and exchange information
14
Q
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
A
Individuals vary because of the tendency for favorable traits to be inherited due to competition and environmental adaptation
15
Q
Inductive Reasoning
A
Drawing conclusions through logical process and repetition
16
Q
Deductive Reasoning
A
Using general premises to make conclusions through hypothesizing
17
Q
Theory
A
A single possible explanation for a phenomenon that is widely supported/accepted (NOT proven)
18
Q
Matter
A
Anything that takes up space/has mass
19
Q
Element
A
The smallest form of a certain substance
20
Q
Compound
A
A substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
21
Q
Essential Elements
A
Essential to life (CHNOPS)
22
Q
Atom
A
The smallest unit of matter that retains properties of its element. Composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons (subatomic particles)
23
Q
Daltons
A
The molecular unit used to expressed atomic weight
24
Q
Atomic Number
A
Equal to an element’s number of protons
25
Atomic Mass
Sum of an atom's protons and neutrons. Can vary between atoms of the same element (isotope)
26
Isotope
Atoms of the same element differing in the number of neutrons, thus having different mass numbers
27
Radiometric Dating
The process by which scientists measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many times it has decayed since its initial formation
28
Energy
Capacity to change
29
Potential Energy
The energy matter has due to location/structure. Has more capacity to do work and is more ordered and less stable
30
Valence Electrons
The electrons in the outermost shell of the electron cloud of an atom
31
Covalent Bond
The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
32
Molecule
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
33
Electronegativity
An atom's tendency for attraction (pulling in valence e- towards its nucleus) in a covalent bond. The more electronegative an atom, the stronger it pulls shared electrons, thus creating polar bonds
34
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Atoms that share electrons equally
35
Polar Covalent Bonds
Atoms that do NOT share electrons equally causing the compound to be partially charged in different regions
36
Ionic Bonds
Atomic bonding in which atoms completely gain or lose a valence electron, causing both atoms to be charged ions
37
Hydrogen Bonds
When one hydrogen covalently bonds to an electronegative atom that attracts another electronegative atom due to polarity
38
Van der Waals Interactions
Attractions between molecules with asymmetrical e-distribution that can be relatively weak
39
Chemical Reactions
The formation/breaking of chemical bonds as atoms interact with one another
40
Cohesion
Water's ability to connect/stick to other water molecules
41
Adhesion
The tendency of water molecules to cling to surfaces
42
Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion. This type of energy has less capacity to work (it is doing the work) and is more stable and disordered
43
Thermal Energy (Heat)
The kinetic energy associated with random atomic motion and how atoms will tend to bump into each other under certain conditions
44
Temperature
The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter
45
Specific Heat
The amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost for a single gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius
46
Evaporative Cooling
The process in which a liquid transforms into a gas and the remaining surface decreases in temperature due to heat loss
47
Heat of Vaporization
The heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to convert to a gaseous state
48
Homeostasis
The tendency for biological entities to maintain equilibrium through various processes
49
Solution
A homogenous mixture of substances
50
Solvent
The dissolving agent of a solution
51
Solute
The substance being dissolved
52
Hydration Shell
The tendency of water molecules to surround ions in water as they are drawn to the ions because of their partial charges (polarity)
53
Hydrophobic
When a substance does NOT have an affinity for water
54
Hydrophilic
When a substance has an affinity/likeness for water
55
Molarity
The number of moles of solute per Liter of solution. In other words, concentration
56
Autoionization (of water)
When a hydrogen atom shared during hydrogen bonding shifts from one water molecule to the other, dissociating into a hydronium ion and a hydroxyl
57
Acid
A substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution with a pH less than 7
58
Base
A substance that reduces the H+ concentration by reacting with free H+ ions in a solution with a pH greater than 7
59
Buffers
Substances that minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution. Often contains a weak acid and its corresponding(conjugate) base
60
Ocean Acidification
The tendency of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels to endanger water quality because of CO2 dissolving to form carbonic acid which can be dangerous to marine life
61
Organic Chemistry
The branch of chemistry revolving around the study of Carbon-containing compounds
62
Mechanism
The view that physical and chemical laws govern life and that life cannot be created inorganically (cell theory)
63
Carbon Skeletons
Chains formed by Carbon molecules varying in size due to Carbon's ability to form up to 4 different bonds
64
Isomers
Compounds with the same formula but different molecular structures and properties
65
Structural Isomers
Isomers with different bond placements of the atoms
66
Cis-Trans Isomers
Isomers with the same covalent bonds but different spatial arrangement (has to occur around a double-bonded Carbon)
67
Enantiomers
Isomers that mirror each other structurally
68
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. When broken down in a reaction, they release a large amount of energy
69
Functional Groups
The components of organic molecules that cause them to have different chemical properties
70
Hydroxyl Group
-OH (alcohols) polar, dissolves in water
71
Carbonyl
-C=O (ketone-inside;aldehyde-outside)
72
Carboxyl-
-COOH (carboxylic acid) acidic
73
Amino
-NH2 (amine) acts as a base
74
Sulfhydryl
-SH (thiol) create disulfur bridges that stabilize proteins
75
Phosphate
-OPO3 2- (organic phosphate) changes the structure and causes movement via phosphorylation
76
Methyl
-CH3 (methylated compound) affects phenotypes
77
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Cellular energy to do work. Formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate
78
Macromolecules
Large, complex molecules that are the foundation of many biological structures
79
Polymer
A molecule made up of many identical smaller units
80
Monomer
The repeating units that form polymers
81
Enzymes
Specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions and can be used over and over again
82
Dehydration Synthesis
The process in which 2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
83
Hydrolysis
The process by which polymers are disassembled by the addition of water
84
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides composed of many simple sugars. Monomer=monosaccharides, include a carbonyl group, major fuel source, joined by glycosidic linkage
85
Starches
Carbohydrates consisting entirely of glucose monomers
86
Glycogens
Carbs used for storage in animal cells. When hydrolyzed, release glucose for present sugar demand
87
Cellulose
The polymer of glucose with pleated B sheets (straight). Used for the formation of the cell wall in plants, requires specific enzymes for digestion
88
Chitin
Polysaccharides responsible for exoskeleton creation
89
Microbes
Small bacteria that sometimes form symbiotic relationships with animals that need to break down a large amount of cellulose
90
Lipids
Fatty acids with nonrepeating patterns and are very hydrophobic because they are made up primarily of hydrocarbons, bonded by an ester linkage, includes up to 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol (triacylglycerol), primarily used for energy storage
91
Saturated Fats
Lipids that have the maximum amount of fatty hydrogen atoms attached to their fatty acid chains, containing no double bonds, straight, compact, and solid at room temperature
92
Unsaturated Fats
Lipids that have 1 or more double bonded hydrogen which causes a bent structure in the fatty acid chain, liquid at room temperature
93
Hydrogenation
The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding another hydrogen which breaks the double bond and forms a trans double bond instead
94
Adipose Cells
Cells specialized in long term food storage that can cushion vital organs and insulate
95
Phospholipid
When 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to a glycerol. They have a hydrophobic tail (fatty acids) and a hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and layer together to form the cell membrane
96
Steroids
Lipids that have a carbon skeleton of 4 rings which can alter the fluidity of the cell membrane and act as signaling molecules
97
Amino Acid
Organic molecules with an amino and carboxyl group as well as a differing R-group that gives it its specific property and plays a role in protein folding
98
Polypeptide Chain
The unbranched polymer of amino acids when they combine using peptide bonds. Have an N-terminus and C-terminus side, NCC backbone
99
Proteins
Macromolecule that is made up of amino acids and is essential to life
100
Primary Structure
Amino acid chain
101
Secondary Structure
Folding within the polypeptide chain with hydrogen bonding bringing the chain into a helix shape
102
Tertiary Structure
Interactions between the R-groups that causes the amino acid chain to bend and twist
103
Quarternary Structure
The folding and interaction of multiple polypeptide chains
104
Denaturation
The loss of a protein's natural/intended structure due to misfolding, deeming it inactive
105
Chaperonins
Proteins that assist in protein folding by providing a closed environment to ensure accuracy
106
X-Ray Crystallography
The use of x-rays to determine protein structure
107
Nucleic Acids
The macromolecule responsible for genetic material and information, DNA or RNA, monomer=nucleotides (consisting of a nitrogen base, 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate group), joined together by phosphodiester bonds
108
Pyrimidines
Nitrogen bases with single 6-membered rings (Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil)
109
Purines
Nitrogen bases with both a 6-membered ring and a 5-membered ring (Adenine and Guanine)
110
Bioinformatics
A scientific attempt to predict protein structure from amino acid sequences
