Unit 1 - Anatomy

Question 1

What are the two types of skeletons & what are their definitions?

Answer 1

Two types include:

1) Axial
2) Appendicular

Axial: Axis refers to the main line an object revolves around, hence the axial skeleton is the principal type of skeleton.

Appendicular: To append means to connect at the end of something, hence the appendicular skeleton is the type connected/attached to the main skeleton (axial).

Question 2

What sections is the axial skeleton made up of? Hint*: Think of the mnemonic Mr Cox taught you (Cute Teddies Love Some Cuddles; 7, 12, 5, 5, 4)

Answer 2

C - Cervical T - Thoracic L - Lumbar S - Sacral C - Coccyx

Question 3

What Sections is the Appendicular skeleton made up of?

Hint*: Recall Mnemonic (PUPiL 126)

Answer 3

Main Sections Include:

1) Pectoral Girdle (Clavicle => 2, Scapula => 2)
2) Upper limbs (Humerus => 2, Radius => 2, Ulna => 2, Carpals => 16, Metacarpals => 10, Phalanges => 28)
3) Pelvic Girdle (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis, 2 bones total)
4) Lower Limbs (Femur => 2, Tibia => 2, Fibula => 2, Patella =>2 Tarsals => 14, Metatarsals => 10, Phalanges =>28)

Question 4

What are some important functions of the human skeleton?

Answer 4

Important Human Functions Include:

• Attachment (attachment points for muscles)
• Movement (muscles acting with bones as levers)
• Support (provides structure for organs & tissues)
• Protection (protection of vital body organs)
• Blood cell formation (red & white blood cells)
• Mineral Reservoir (phosphorus & calcium)

Question 5

What are the important functions of the Axial Skeleton?

Answer 5

Important functions of the Axial Skeleton Include:

• Attachment
• Movement
• Support
• Protection

Question 6

What are the important functions of the Appendicular Skeleton?

Answer 6

Important functions of the Appendicular Skeleton include:

• Attachment
• Movement
• Support
• Blood Cell Formation
• Mineral Reservoir

Question 7

What are the four types of bones?

Answer 7

The four types of bone include:

• Long (i.e. femur & humerus)
• Short (i.e. carpals & tarsals)
• Flat (i.e. cranium & ribs)
• Irregular (i.e. face & vertebrae)

Question 8

What are the functions of the four types of bones?

Answer 8

• Long: Facilitates movement, which strengthens and improves speed
• Short: Shock absorption and spreading load
• Flat: Protecting vital organs

Irregular: Providing protection and shape

Question 9

Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone.

Answer 9

• Diaphysis (compact bone): The main long shaft covered by periosteum
• Epiphysis (short bone):

Question 10

State & define the 8 anatomical terms to the location of bones.

Answer 10

The 8 anatomical terms to the location of bones include:

1. Superior (towards the upper part of the body)
2. Inferior (towards the lower part of the body)
3. Proximal (towards the center of the body)
4. Distal (away from the center of the body)
5. Medial (towards the mid-line of the body)
6. Lateral (away from the mid-line of the body)
7. Anterior (towards the front of the body)
8. Posterior (towards the back of the body)

Question 11

State and define the 3 types of connective tissue

Answer 11

The three types of connective tissue include:

1) Cartilage: Type of hard, strong, connective tissue which offers support for softer tissues as well as forming a sliding area, allowing bones to move past each other more easily (nose, trachea, ribs & vertebrae)
2) Ligament: Type of tough, fibrous connective tissue which connects bones to each other and supports and strengthens joints (i.e. Posterior cruciate ligament)
3) Tendon: Type of connective tissue which connects muscles to bones and transmits muscular pull to bones (i.e. achilles tendon)

Question 12

What is a joint?

Answer 12

A joint is where two bones meet.

Question 13

What are the 3 different types of joints?

Answer 13

The three different types of joint include:

1) Fibrous (no free movement)
2) Cartiloginous (some free movement)
3) Synovial (freely moveable)

Question 14

Outline the features of a synovial joint.

Answer 14

Feature of a synovial joint include:

• Articular cartilage
• Synovial membrane
• Synovial fluid
• Bursae (joint cavity)
• Articular capsule (joint capsule)

Question 15

What are the types of synovial joints?

Hint*: Recall Mnemonic (Brilliant Horses Portray Great Clean Stallions)

Answer 15

Types of synovial joints include:

• Ball & socket (shoulder & hip joints)
• Hinge (elbow)
• Pivot (wrist and neck joints)
• Gliding (ankle joint)
• Condyloid (Radiocarpal joint)
• Saddle ()