Unit 1 and 9 Flashcards by Makenna Schroeder

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Industrial Organization Psychology (I/O)

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The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

Psychometric

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The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

natural selection

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the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

socio-culture psychology

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the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

personality psychology

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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

humanistic psychology

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people who appyl psychological principles in legal issues

forensic psychologist

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the different complementary views, from biological to psychological to socio-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

levels of analysis

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the science of behavior and mental processes

PSYCHOLOGY

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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

structuralism

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the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

nature vs nurture issue

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A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

human factors pyschology

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A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

psychodynamic psychology

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the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another

social psychology

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a school of psychology that focuses on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

functionalism

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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

psychiatry

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the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

cognitive psychology

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the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

behavioral psychology

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the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities survive

positive psychology

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the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, language)

cognitive neuroscience

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the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

experimental psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies who people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

community psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies psychical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

developmental psychology

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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

biopsychological psychology

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

basic research

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

clinical psychology

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

empiricism

the study that roots behavior and mental processes affect and can enhance using principles of natural selection

evolutionary psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being (school, work, or marriage)

counselling psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

educational psychology

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

biological psychology

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information

testing effect

the view that psychology (1)should be an objective science that studies (2) behavior without reference to mental processes. most agree with 1 but not 2

behaviorism

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

applied research

numerical data that allow one to generate- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

sampling bias

a technique for ascertaining, the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

survey

a compared measure of how much vary around rhe mean score

standard deviation

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

theory

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

random assignment

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in distribution

range

the middle scare in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

median

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

naturalistic observation

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer than the extremes

normal curve

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

replication

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. the resulting difference between 2 groups is not due to chance if p value is less than 0.05

statistical significant

a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables. for example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

operational definition

effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

placebo

all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

population

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

validity

the most frequently occurring scores in a distribution

mode

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

random sample

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

mean

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of 2 variables

scatterplot

a statistical measure of the strength of the relationship between the relative movements of two variables (from -1---+1)

correlation coefficient

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

hypothesis

a experimental process where both the participants and the research staff are unaware of who received a placebo and the treatment

double blind procedure

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

critical thinking

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participates

informed consent

the experimental factor that is manipulated

independent variable

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

cultures

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants, mandatory by APA ethical standard

debriefing

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; includes measures of central tendency and measure of variation

descriptive variation

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hopes of revealing universal principles

case study

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

inferential statistics

the outcome factor

dependent variable

the group not exposed to the experiment

control group

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

skewed distribution

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

histogram

the perception of a relationship where none exist

illusory correlation

a confounding variable that influences both the independent and the dependent variables

third variable

the tendency to believe that after learning an outcome , one would have been able to see it for what it was (I knew it all along)

hindsight bias

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

confounding variable

the group that is exposed to the treatment in a experiment

the experimental group

a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

correlation

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effects

experiment