Unit 1 AOS 2 SAC Revision

Question 1

Cardiovascular system function

Answer 1

• immunity
• transportation of gasses and fuels
• cellular repair and regrowth
• thermoregulation

Question 2

Cardiovascular system structure

Answer 2

• heart
• blood vessels
• blood

Question 3

Blood composition

Answer 3

consists of 2 broad categories

plasma 55%
blood cells 45%

Question 4

Inspiration

Answer 4

BREATHING IN

• intercostal muscles of the diaphragm contract downwards
• ribs move upwards and outwards
• increased space within the lungs/thoracic cavity
• causes pressure in the lungs to decrease
• gasses always move from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure
• results in air quickly moving into the lungs

Question 5

Expiration

Answer 5

BREATHING OUT

• intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax as the ribs drop down
• space inside the lungs decrease and air pressure increases
• occurs until air pressure exceeds the pressure outside the body and the air is exhaled or expired

Question 6

Types of blood vessels

Answer 6

• arteries
• arterioles
• capillaries
• venules
• veins

Question 7

vasoconstriction

Answer 7

narrowing of blood vessels

Question 8

Vasodilation

Answer 8

widening of blood vessels

Question 9

When and why does vasoconstriction and vasodilation happen

Answer 9

This occurs during exercise.

This allows greater amounts of oxygenated blood to flow to working muscles and away from non-essential organs

Question 10

structure of respiratory system

Loose no more ants

Answer 10

• lungs
• nose
• mouth
• airway

Question 11

Function of the respiratory system

Answer 11

supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

Question 12

Cardiovascular measures

Answer 12

• stroke volume
• heart rate
• cardiac output

Question 13

Respiratory measures

Answer 13

• Tidal volume
• Respiratory rate pulmonary
• Vo2 MAX
• AVO2

Question 14

stroke volume

Answer 14

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in the heart in one contraction.

Question 15

tidal volume

Answer 15

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled of the lungs during a normal breath
average for men - 600ML
average for women - 500ML

Question 16

When and where does diffusion occur?

Answer 16

diffusion occurs at the alveoli with the exchange of carbon dioxide from the blood and oxygen from the lungs through capillaries

Question 17

Structure of the heart

Answer 17

Four chambers:

• left atrium
• right atrium
• left ventricle
• right ventricle

Question 18

which chambers are the tope and bottom ones

Answer 18

atrium - top chambers
ventricle - bottoms chambers
left - right side
right - left side

Question 19

one way valves

Answer 19

prevent backflow of blood

they open when the atrium contracts and they close when the ventricles contract

Question 20

bicuspid valve

Answer 20

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Question 21

tricuspid valve

Answer 21

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Question 22

What are the four major valves in the heart and where are they located

Answer 22

Tricuspid: Separates the right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid: Separates the left atrium and left ventricle
Pulmonary: Separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Aortic: Separates the left ventricle and the aorta

Question 23

What gases make up the air we breathe

Answer 23

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Carbon dioxide 1%

Question 24

During exercise explain blood flow redistribution and how it occurs

Answer 24

During exercise blood flow is increased in order to provide the working muscles with more oxygen. Blood flow is redirected away from non-working muscles and some of the bodies organs such as the kidneys and spleen in order to increase blood flow and supply working muscles with more oxygen.

Question 25

Explain the relationship between tidal volume and respiratory rate and minute ventilation

Answer 25

Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath and respiratory rate measures the amount of breaths taken per minute. Minute ventilation measures the volume of gas inhaled and exhaled per minute.

Question 26

Explain diffusion

Answer 26

from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

Question 27

Blood flow through the heart

Answer 27

``` superior/inferior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aorta ```

Question 28

Homeostasis

Answer 28

homeostasis is the process of keeping the bodies internal environment in a steady state when the external environment changes

Question 29

what is Hypothermia and treatment

Answer 29

Abnormally low body temperature - remove wet clothing - wrap victim in blanket - provide food and drink to conscious victims if they aren't nauseas - place in warm bath if available

Question 30

hypothermia symptoms

Answer 30

numbness shivering low body temperature confusion

Question 31

what is Hyperthermia the three stages it occurs in

Answer 31

Abnormally high body temperature heat cramps heat exhaustion heat stroke

Question 32

Thermoregulation

Answer 32

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

Question 33

Components of blood

Answer 33

plasma platelets red blood cells white blood cells

Question 34

Plasma

Answer 34

- clear yellowish fluid that carries nutrients - transports waste products for removal - made up of 90% water - counters dehydration - contains the protein fibrinogen which assists platelets in blood clotting

Question 35

Platelets

Answer 35

- cells that help form blood clots to stop bleeding | - produced in bone marrow

Question 36

red blood cells

Answer 36

- give the blood colour - produced in bone marrow - contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to body tissue and muscle - women have slightly lower haemoglobin n levels than men

Question 37

white blood cells

Answer 37

- fight infections - absorb and digest disease causing organisms - produced in bone marrow, lymph tissue and the steel

Question 38

Myoglobin

Answer 38

an oxygen extracting molecule located in the muscle

Question 39

Haemoglobin

Answer 39

in an oxygen carrying molecule transported in the blood via red blood cells

Question 40

gaseous exchange lungs

Answer 40

- oxygen travels down the airways to the bronchs, bronchiole and bronchioles then to the alveoli - alveoli are air sacks surrounded by capillaries - the deoxygenated blood goes to the capillaries and diffusion occurs - capillaries gains oxygen and the alveoli gains carbon dioxide - then the oxygenated blood is carried by the from the capillaries to heart via the veins

Question 41

VO2 max

Answer 41

the maximum amount of oxygen. that can be transported, taken in, and utilised per minuet

Question 42

AVO2 differences

Answer 42

is the difference in oxygen concentration between arterial and venous blood

Question 43

cardiac output

Answer 43

is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minuet

Question 44

heart rate

Answer 44

number of beats per minute

Question 45

how to calculate max heart rate

Answer 45

220 - your age

Question 46

the cardiac cycle

Answer 46

stage 1 - atrial diastole stage 2 - ventricular diastole stage 3 - atrial systole stage 4 - ventricular systole