Unit 1 AOS1 - DP1 to DP4 Flashcards
Nature
The inherited factors gained genetically from biological parent.
e.g. eye colour, hair colour, skin colour
Nurture
The environment or external conditions that affect an individual’s development. Experiences we have or stimulus we are exposed that help shape us before our birth or over the life spam.
E.g. food, education, love, support, friends, money.
Enriched environment
Environment where basic needs and more are provided.
Deprived Environment
Environment where basic needs are lacking.
What do Twin and Adoption Studies Look at?
These studies are used to look at the comparison of the effects of nature and nurture on development.
Biopsychosocial Model
Bio: Biological factors such as genetics, hormones, immune and function.
Psycho: psychological factors such as personality, perception, cognition, attention, and motivation.
Social: social factors like access to healthcare, political, social support, education, poverty, work enviroment, and family upbringing.
Factors in Biopsychosocial Model
Factors may combine and interact to influence our wellbeing.
Mental Wellbeing
A state in which an individual’s realizes their own abilities, can cope with normal stresses of life, can work productively, and is able to contribute to the community.
Attachment
Attachment refers to a form of innate behavior where the close emotional bond shared between an infant and their primary caregiver; also, the tendency to seek emotionally supportive relationships in adulthood.
When Does Separation Anxiety Usually Appear?
8 months
Insecure avoidant attachment (Group A)
-The infant does not seek closeness or contact with caregiver.
-Infant rarely cries when caregiver leaves room.
-Ignores caregiver on their return.
-May be the result of neglectful or abusive caregivers.
-20-22% of 1 year olds
Secure attachment (Group B)
-Balance between dependence and exploration.
-The infant uses caregiver as a safe base.
-Shows some distress and decreases exploration when caregiver departs.
-55-75% of 1 year old’s are in this group.
Insecure resistant attachment (Group C)
-Appears anxious even when caregiver is near.
-Upset when separated from their caregiver.
-Cries to be picked up, then squirms or fights to be free.
-Results from caregivers who are not responsive to their infant’s needs.
-7-12% of 1 year olds
Assimilation
process in taking in new information and fitting it into a pre-existing mental idea about objects or experiences.
e.g. a child may see a truck and call it a car, simply because a car is the only type of vehicle for which the child has a pre-existing mental idea.
Accommodation
nvolves changing a pre-existing mental idea in order to fit new information. More advanced process than assimilation.
e.g. a child looks at the circular moon and calls it a ball (assimilation), but as she gets older, she calls it the moon (accommodation).
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Infants explore and learn about the primarily through their senses and motor activities.
Pre-operational stage (2-7 years)
Children become increasingly able to mentally represent objects and experiences.
Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)
child is capable of true logical thought and can perform mental operations.
Formal operational stage (12+ years)
-Solving problems systematically
Criticisms of Piaget’s theory
-Small sample size (not representative)
-Infants know more and sooner than Piaget suggested.
Maturation
Behaviors and activities that occur at particular times in our development.
Sensitive period
-A stage during biological maturation when an organism is most able to gain a particular skill or characteristic.
-Begins and ends gradually
-A period of maximal brain growth, after which development within a particular area will take more effort, be slower, and be incomplete.
-A period of development when an organism is mature enough to do the behavior.
-Best time to be exposed to a particular environment stimulus, because the brain can process and respond to the stimuli.
-‘Experience-expectant learning’
Critical period
-A stage when an organism is most open to acquiring a specific cognitive or motor skill or socio-emotional competence, as a normal part of development, that cannot be acquired normally at a later stage of development.
-Involves a small window of opportunity to lean a behavior. If window closes, the learning becomes impossible or near impossible in the future.
-Starts and ends abruptly, usually has a shorter time frame compared with sensitive period.
Object permeance
It’s understanding the objects still exist even if they cannot be seen, heard or touched.
