Unit 1 Back Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
Identify each muscle and its innervation
A
2
Q
Identify each structure and its innervation
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3
Q
Identify each structure and its innervation
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4
Q
Identify each structure and also innervation
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5
Q
Identify structures in the middle of image
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6
Q
From Right to left identify:
Dura Mater
Subdural Space (potential)
Arachnoid Mater
Subararchnoid Space
A
7
Q
Identify:
Trunk of spinal Nerve
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Ventral Root
Dorsal Root
Dorsal rootlets
A
8
Q
Identify Wherethe conus medularis is and the Filum terminale internum
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9
Q
Identify:
The dorsal Horn, Ventral Horn, Vertebral body, and Lateral Horn
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10
Q
Identify:
Grey Matter, White matter, and vertebral body
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11
Q
Identify the structures in the image.
A
12
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Identify:
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13
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Identify:
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14
Q
Find the difference between T1 vs T2. Sagittal MRI
A
On T1 it would show tissues with high fat content (such as white matter) appear bright and compartments filled with water like CSF appears Dark. This is the most used for demonstrating anatomy.
T2 is most used to see brain parenchymal abnormalities, such as MS lesions, while the CSF appears White.
15
Q
Identify:
A
16
Q
Identify:
A
Z-joints (facets Joints)
17
Q
Identify:
A
- Body of vertebra.
- Z-joints
- Spinous Process
- Intervertebral foramina
18
Q
Identify:
A
- Spinal cord
- Conus medullaris
- Cauda equina
- Subarachnoid space and CSf
- Sacral canal
19
Q
Identify:
A
- Body of L5
- IV disk
- Cauda equina
- Ligamentum flavum
- Sacrum
20
Q
Identify
A
- Vertebral canal
- Cauda Equine
- IV-foramina
- Erector Spinae
- Psoas Major
- Z- Joints
- Spinous Process
21
Q
Identify:
A
- IV foramina
- Spinal nerve (with medullary vessels)
- Dural sack with cauda equina
- Sacrum
- L5
22
Q
Identify
A
- Neural arch of axis
- Superior articular process
- z-joint
- Spinous Process
- Transverse process
23
Q
Identify:
A
- L5 vertebra (body)
- Scarum (ala)
- Anterior sacral foramen
- Sacroiliac joint
- Sacrococcygeal joint
24
Q
Identify:
A
- Z-joints and superior articular process
- Condyle of occipital bone
25
Name the muscles which you see in this image?
Trapezius
Latissmus dorsi.
26
What is the main function of the Trapezius?
Elevates the scapula, depresses scapula, retracts the scapula, rotates the scapula
27
Why are there so many actions possible?
Because of the different directions of its fibers.
28
Which nerve suppplies the Latissimus Dorsi?
Thoracodorsal Nerve
29
What is the function of the Latissimus Dorsi?
Extend, adducts and medially rotate the humerus.
30
Which Nerve is shown in the picture?
Accessory nerve
31
Name the vessel which accompany the accessory nerve.
Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery.
32
Name the muscle you see on this image?
Rhomboid Major
33
Discuss the innervation and function of the Rhomboids
Both muscles retract and inferiorly rotate the scapula and both are innervated by the Dorsal scapular nerve
34
Which layers of back muscles are presented here:
Intermediate
35
Identify the structure pointed by the arrow:
Ligamentum nuchae ( is a thickning of the supraspinous ligament)
36
Find the Ligamentum nuchae on the image
show it in the image.
37
What is pointed on this image?
Spinous Process
38
Discuss the differences betwwen the typical regional vertebrae.
The first horizontal line is the cervical vertebrae
The second horizontal line are the thoracic vertebrae
The third horizontal line are the lumbar vertebrae.
Cervcal vertebrae: have transverse foramen
Thoracic vertebrae: Have a smaller body than the lumbar vertebrae looks like a jiraff.
Lumbar: has a big body for weight support.
39
Which vertebrae are shown in this image?
The Atlas which is the one that has the transverse processes.
and the Axis which is the one that has the dens.
40
Discuss the feautures of the atypical cervcal vetebrae and joints they make.
The atlanto occypital joint that is for the YES movement.
The Atlantoaxial joint that is for the NO movement.
41
What is wrong with the image?
Jefferson Fracture.
42
Which joint is pointed on this image?
Atlanto-occipital joint
43
Which joints do you see in this image?
Z-joints
44
Which vertebra do you see in this image?
Thoracic vertebrae
45
What do you think is wrong here?
Scoliosis.
46
What is the difference between the previous picture and this one:
This is Lordosis, specifically Sheuermman's disease, which gives an excessive concave shape to thoracic vertebrae.
47
Which part of the vertebra is bisected in laminectomy procedure?
2. Lamina
1. is BOdy
2. IS lamina
3. is Pedicle
4. is transverse process
48
Which meningeal membrane is cut open in this image?
Dura Matter
49
Which space is used for injection of an anesthetic agent in this lumbar spinal puncture?
And,
Which vertebral level is appropriate for this procedure?
The Epidural space.
Vetebral level L4-L3 (crista galli is where needle is to be inserted)
50
Find the conus medullaris. Then, at which vertebral level is located?
L2
51
Which spinal nerve leaves the vertebral canal on this level?
L2
52
In which space the cauda equina is located?
Subarachnoid space
53
Which sample can we obtain from the subarachnoid space?
CSF
54
Which space is hyperintense on this T2 image?
Subarachnoid space
55
What do you see on this image? What is the main function of this structure?
Anulus fibrosus, Intervertebral disc, shock absorver
56
What do you think is wrong here?
L5-S1 Disc Herniation
57
Which structure would suffer if the constriction of the intervertebral foramen takes place?
1 Dorsal rootlet
58
Where are the peripheral motor neurons located?
Peripheral motor neurons are located on 3.
1. White matter
2. Dorsal horn
3. Lateral horn
4. Ventral
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Which bone is the highlighted bone?
Hamate.
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Learn them. ...
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Identify Muscle and innervation:
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Note: this is very HIGH YIELD
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99
Identify the structures
1. Trapezius
2. Clavicle
3. Acromioclavicular joint
100
Identify the structures on the Axial MRI of shoulder:
1. Deltoid
2. Sternoclavicular joint
3. Pectoralis major
4. Pectoralis Minor
5. Subscapularis
6. Infraspinatus
101
Identify the structures on the Sagittal MRI of the Root of neck
1. Subclavian Vein
2. Subclavian Artery
3. Main Components of the brachial plexus
4. Anterior scalene muscle
5. Apex of Lung
102
Identify the structures on the Axial MRI of shoulder:
1. Head of the humerus
2. Greater tubercle
3. Lesser Tubercle
4. Bicipital groove
5. Tendon of the long head of the biceps
6. Scapula
103
Identify the structures of the Cornonal MRI of Shoulder:
1. Supraglenoid tubercle
2. Infraglenoid tubercle
3. Glenoidal labrum
4. Spine of the scapula
5. Acromion
6. Clavicle
7. Supraspinatus
8. Infraspinatus
104
Identify the structures on the Sagittal MRI of Shoulder (rotator cuff)
1. Deltoid
2. Biceps
3. Triceps
4. Teres Minor
5. Subscapularis (Tendon)
6. Supraspinatus (tendon)
7. Infraspinatus
8. Acromion
105
Identify the structures of the Sagital MRI of Shoulder: (ROtator Cuff)
1. Coracoid process
2. Clavicle
3. Acromion
4. Coracobrachialis
5. Deltoid
6. Teres Minor
7. Infraspinatus
8. Pec. Major
106
Identify the structures on the sagitall MRI of Shoulder (Y-scapula)
1. Subscapularis
2. Supraspinaatus
3. Infraspinatus
4. Teres minor
5. Teres Major
6. Deltoid
107
Identify the structures on the Coronal MRI of the shoulder:
1- Teres Minor
2. Teres Major
3. Long head of Triceps
4. Humerus
5. Quadrangular space
6. Triangular Space
108
Identify the structures of the coronal MRI of the Elbow
1. Cubital Vein
2. Brachioradialis
3. Pronator Teres
4. Biceps
109
Identify the Structures on the Coronal MRI of elbow.
1. Epicondyles of humerus with conjoint tendons of flexors.
2. Epicondyles of humerus with conjoint tendons of extensors.
110
Identify the structures on the Coronal MRI of the elbow (posterior view)
1. Tendons of triceps brachii
2. Olecranon with tendon of triceps brachii.
111
Identify the structures of the Axial MRI of Elbow:
1. Head of the radius
2. Annular Ligament
3. Common extensor tendor
4. Common flexor tendon
5. Tendon of biceps brachii
112
Identify the structures of the RA image of Wrist.
1. Spinous process of radius
2. Spinous process of ulna
3. Carpal bones
4. Metacarpal bones
5. Interossei
113
Identify the structures on the CORONAL MRI of Wrist
1. Thenar
2. Hypothenar Muscles
3. Tendons of flexors digitorium
4. Median nerve
5. Pisiform
114
The fractured clavicle has typical dislocation of its ends. Explain which muscles are responsible for such dislocation.
Pectoralis Major.
115
Which muscles are attached ot the clavicle and where?
Trapezius on the distal end superiorly
Sternocleidomastoid: On the medial end Superiorly
Pectoralis major: on the medial end inferiorly
116
Which structures are vulnerable in fractures to the clavicle?
Subclavian vein, Subclavian artery, trunks of brachial plexus, cupula of pleura, supraclavicular nerves
117
Which muscle and nerve are affected in this case?
Serratus anterior and Long thoracic nerve
118
What is wrong with this patient?
Which structures normally prevent it from happening?
Shoulder dislocation or a Hill Sach's Fracture
Ligaments that support the shoulder and prevent it from. happening:
Glenohumeral LIgament, Coracoclavicular ligament, Coracohumeral ligament, Transverse humeral ligament.
119
Identify the indicated muscles, their related function and innervation.
1. Teres Minor: Lateral rotation of the shoulder joint and stabilizes the shoulder joint is innervated by the axillary nerve (C5, C6)
2. Infraspinatus: Lateral rotation of the shoulder joint and stabilizes the shoulder joint, is innervated by the suprascapular nerve (C5,C6)
3. Teres Major: Adduction, extension, and medial rotation of the shoulder joint, lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6). Note that the teres major muscle is a baby Lat)
4. Supraspinatus: Abduction of the shoulder joint (the first 15 degrees) and stabilizes the shoulder joint, suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
120
Can you find these muscles on the images below?
1. Supraspinatus
2. Teres Minor
3. Infraspinatus
4. Teres major
5. Subscapularis
6. Deltoid.
7. Supraspinatus
8. Teres minor
9. Infraspinatus
10. Teres Major
11. Triceps brachi
12. Deltoid
121
Tendon of which muscle is ruptured on this image?
Suprasspinatus.
122
Which muscle is at risk of denervatio in traumas to the tendon of the supraspinatus?
Fracture by surgical neck of humerus resulting in potential damage to the axillaary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery. Denervation of the deltoid and teres minor muscles may occur.
Shoulder joint innervated by Axillary, suprascapular, lacteral pectoral nerves. Receives blood from branches of suprascapular, anterior and posterior circumflex, scapular circumflex arteries.
►Inferior (anterior) dislocation- stretch fibrous capsule, avulses glenoid labrum, injured axillary nerve (deltoid, teres minor) suprascapular nerves (supra and infraspinatus) lateral pectoral nerves (Pectoralis major)
123
How can you check if radial nerve is damaged?
Check sensation over triceps muscle
No movement possible if humerus is fractured
124
Which nerves do you see on this image?
Which spaces they pass through?
Radial nerve (passess thorugh the triangular interval) and axillary nerve (passes thorugh the quadrangular space)
125
Match the labelled structures:
A. Lateral thoracic artery
B. Thoracodorsal Artery
C. Axillary artery
D. Posterior humeral circumflex artery
E. Circumflex scapular artery
126
Bob went to the doctor and learned that his right axillary artery has become stenotic. However, his doctor was not overly concerned about blood supply to the rest of his upper limb. Do you agree with his doctor? Why or why not?
Yes, because of the anstomoses around the scapula. If the axillary artery were stenotic, blood could travel thorugh the suprascapular and dorsal capular arteries and anastomose with the circumflex scapular artery which is a branch of the subscapular artery. Blood could move around the point of blockage to reach the distal extremity.
127
Which artery is the most likely source of bleeding in this fracture?
Profunda Brachii
128
What is the function of the muscle indicated by the red arrow? What is indicated by the white arrows?
This is bicepts brachii. Function is flexion of the shoulder joint, flexion of the elbow joint and supination of the forearm.
A. is pointing to the long head of biceps
B. is pointing to the short head of biceps.
129
What is wrong on this picture?
Dislocation of the tendoon of the long head of biceps from the bicipital groove.
Red: arrow Tendon of long head of biceps
White Arrow: Bicipital groove (empty)
130
Damage to this nerve results in a weakened ability to flex the forearm at the elbow joint and a numbing sensation on the lateral side of the forearm.
What nerve is it? and identify it on the image attached
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5,C6, C7) and it is A.Can tell because it is piercing the coracobrachialis.
B. Median Nerve (C5-T1)
C. Ulnar Nerve (C8-T1)
D. Brachial Artery
131
Jhonny felt down of his horse and landed on his shoulder. In few months, he went to the clinic complainin of weakness and deformity of his arm. Physical examination revealed following signs: (On the picture)
What is the problem?
What muscles are affected?
What nerves are affected?
What are their nerve roots?
Waiter's Tip: This is an upper brachial plexus and is also known as Erb-Duchenne Palsy.
►Biceps Brachii, brachialis,coracobrachialis, deltoid, teres minor, teres major, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, rhomboids, levator scapulae, subclavius,pectoralis major.
►
Musculocutaneous Nerve: (C5, C6,C7)
Axillary Nerve (C5,C6)
Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5)
Suprascapular Nerve (C5, C6)
Nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)
Lateral pectoral nerve (C5,C6,C7)
Upper subscapular Nerve (C5, C6)
Lower subscapular Nerve (C5, C6)
132
A motorcyclist drove into a tree and was thrown away, but he manages to grab a tree branch before hitting the ground. in a couple of weeks pain in his shoulder relieved, but he notices that his wrist and fingers are tightened into a "Claw".
What happend to him?
What nerves are affected?
What muscles are affected?
This is a lower brachial plexus trunk injury of Kumpke paralysis. Nerve roots, C8-T1, are damaged affecting the median nerve, radial nerve, and the ulnar nerve.
All the muscles innervated by the ulnar nerve are affected. All the muscles innervated by the radial nerve and the median nerve are weakened in function but not completely functionless.
►Flexor carpi Ulnaris, Flexor Digitorium surperficialis and profundus, flexor pollicis longus........
All four lumbricals (this is the primary muscle that is affected by the lower trunk injury resulting in the claw like appereance of the hand)
133
While attempting to draw blood from themedial cubital vein, you suddenly feel pain and burning in the middle and thumb side of your palm. What nerve was accidently impaled?
Also name the labeled structures.
The median nerve was impaled.
A. Ulnar Nerve
B. Brachial Artery
C. Median NErve
D. Radial Artery
134
Which muscle is innervated by both ulnar and median nerves?
A. Flexor digitorium superficialis
B. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
C. Pronator teres
D. Flexor pollicis longus
E. Flexor Digitorium profundus.
Flexor Digitorium profundus.
135
What labelled muscles assists in flexion of the elbow joint?
Also name the labeled structures.
Brachioradialis.
A. Brachioradialis
B. Extensor carpi radialis longus
C. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
D. Extensor digitorium
E. Extensor digiti minimi
136
How is this pathology called?
What is the possible scenario?
Tennis Elbow.
137
A tennis player complaining of pain and irritation from repeated flexion and extension is likely due to inflammation oritinating from what site?
Common extensor tendor. Triceps brachii attachment, common flexor tendon
138
What is wrongon this image?
Which structure is in danger.?
Posterior dislocation of elbow joint resulting in potential damage to the ulnar nerve.
139
Identify all the muscles in the image that could be affected if damage to the ulnar nerve were to occur.
Also name the structures labeled
B. Flexor carpi Ulnaris.
A. Palmaris longus
B. Flexor carpi ulnaris
C. Brachioradialis
D. Pronator teres
E. Flexor Carpi Radialis
140
What nerves innervate the structures A and B?
Radial nerve and Median Nerve respectively.
A. Brachioradialis.
B. Flexor carpi radialis.
141
Identify the bones on this image.
Proximal Row: (from left to right): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Distal Row (From left to right): Trapezium- Trapezoid- Capitate- Hamate
142
What main artery is at risk if a fracture to the pisiform and hamate bones occurred?
Ulnar Artery
143
Identify and name the muscles that form the anatomical snuff box:
A. Extensor Pollicis Longus
B. Extensor Pollicis Brevis
C. Abductor Pollicis Longus
144
Sally was skateboarding and while trying to avoid a cyclist falls heavily on her left wrist. After the fall she notices deep pain in the anatomical snuff box. Radiological imaging reveal a fracture of the bone in the area (image is prevented below) What bone is fractured?
D. Scaphoid. Notice the grey treak indicative of fracture
145
How is this fracture called?
Colles Fracture
146
How is this fracture called?
Smith fracture
147
A. What movement would be affected if damage occurred to the nerve innervating this muscle?
B. What innervates B
C. What is C
D. What is D?
E. What is E?
A. Opposition
B. Ulnar Nerve
C. Abductor digiti minimi
D. flexor digiti minimi
E. Opponens digiti minimi
148
What movement of the thumb would be most affected by a lesion of the median nerve in the cubital fossa?
A. Flexion
B. Abduction
C. Adduction
D. Extension
A. Flexion
► Abduction would be weakened not completely lost.
* Abductor pollicis Brevis afected, But abductor Pollicis longus (radial nerve) would still enabled movement)
149
An office worker with carpal tunnel syndrom experiences dificulty in finger movements. Which of the following intrinsic muscles of his hand is paralyzed?
A. Abductor pollicis brevis
B. Flexor Pollicis breveis
C. 1st lumbrical
150
Sally goes to the emergency with multiple lacerations on the palmar surface of her hand. During examination the physician notices she can't squeeze and hold a piece of paper between her index and middle finger.
What muscles are being tested?
A. 1st dorsal and 1st palmar interosseous muscles.
B. 1st dorsal and 2nd palmar interosseous muscles
C. 1st lumbricals and second dorsal interosseous muscles
D. 2nd dorsal and 1st palmar interosseus muscles.
D. 2nd Dorsal and 1st palmar interosseous muscles.
151
Ulnar claw & and Hand of benediction have similar anatomical presentations. How do you differentiate the two?
Consider:
Innervation?
Structures affected?
Clinical presentation?
Muscles tested?
Both: Involve loss of function of muscles on digits 2-5
Ulnar CLAW (Left)
* Damage to the Ulnar nerve at wrist; affects lumbricals 4 & 5 and all PAD & DAB
SIGN OF BENEDICTION (Right)
* High Median Nerve injury affects: FDS, FPL, FPB, 1/2 Digitorium profundus, Radial 1/2 FLP (Thenar eminence APB, OP, Lumbricals 2 & 3)
152
After participating in a murder mystery at The Office, it culminates in a showdown between you and three other people.
You, having taken anatomy, start thinking about what muscles and nerves you are using to get into this position.
Used the Circle hand as a Reference:
* Flexed shoulder:
* Anterior deltoid (Axillary nerve C5, C6)
* Pectoralis major (Medial Pectoral nerve C8, T1) (Lateral Pectoral nerve C5, C6, C7)
* Biceps Brachii and Coracobrachialis: (Musculocutaneous C5,C6,C7)
* Extended Thumb:
* Extensor Pollicis Longus (Posterior interossous nerve C5-T1), and extensor pollicis brevis ( Posterior interosseous nerve C5-T1)
* Extended 2nd Digit:
* Extensor digitorium (Deep branch of the radial nerve C5-T1)
* Extensor indicis ( Posterior interosseous nerve C5- T1)
* 1st Lumbrical ( Median nerve C5-T1)
* Interosseous muscles ( Deep branch of the ulnar nerve C8, T1)
* Extended 3rd digit:
* Extensor digitorium (Deep branch of the radial nerve C5-T1)
* 2nd lumbrical (Median nerve C5-T1)
* Interosseous muscles ( Deep branch of the ulnar nerve C8,T1)
* Flexed 4th and 5th Digits:
* Flexor digitorium superficialis (Median Nerve C5-T1)
* Flexor digitorium profundus ( Ulnar Nerve C8-T1)
* Flexor digiti minimi brevis (Deep branch of the ulnar nerve C8-T1)
153
After several tense minutes, you try to deescalate things by showing peace. What muscles and nerves are you using to make this sign?
* Extended wrist joint:
* Extensor carpi radialis longus (radial nerve C5-T1)
* Extensor carpi radialis brevis (Deep branch of the radial nerve C5-T1)
* Extensor carpi ulnaris (Deep branch of the Radial nerve C5-T1)
* Pronated Forearm
* Pronator teres ( Median Nerve C5-T1)
* Pronator Quadratus ( anterior interosseous nerve C5-T1)
* Opposed and flexed thumb
* Opponens pollicis (recurrent branch of the median nerve C5-T1)
* Flexor pollicis longus (Anterior interosseous nerve C5-T1
* Flexor Pollicis Brevis ( Recurrent branch of the median nerve C5-T1)
* Extended and abducted 2nd Digit:
* Extensor digitorium (Deep branch of the radial nerve C5-T1)
* Extensor indicis (Posterior interosseous nerve C5-T1)
* 1st Lumbrical ( median nerve C5-T1)
* 1st Dorsal interosseous muscle (Deep branch of the ulnar nerve C8-T1)
* Extended 3rd digit:
* Extensor digitorium (Deep branch of the radial nerve C5-T1)
* 2nd lumbrical (Median nerve C5-T1)
* Interossous muscles (Deep branch of the ulnar nerve C8, T1)
* Flexed 4rth and 5th Digits:
* Flexor digitorium superficialis (Median Nerve C5-T1)
* Flexor digitorium profundus (Ulnar nerve C8-T1)
* Flexor Digiti minimi brevis (Deep branch of the ulnar nerve C8-T1)
154
Name the clinical correlations of each section.
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156
Identify the structures
157
Identify the structures from the lateral view of vertebra.
158
Identify the structures of the verterbra.
159
Identify structures and state their function
160
Identify the structures
161
Identify the regional location of the vertebra and state its characterisrtics that differenctiate it from the others.
Cervical
* Small bodies
* Large vertebral foramen
* Transverse foramen
* Bifid spinous processes
162
Identify the regional location of the verterbrae and estate its characteristics that differentiate it from the others.
Thoracic
* Small vertebral foramen
* Long transverse processes
* Long spinous processes
* Costal facets.
163
Identify the regional location of the verterbrae and estate its characteristics that differentiate it from the others.
Lumbar
* Large bodies
* Large vertebral foramen
* No costal facets
164
Mention the components of a typical Cervical vertebrae.
Which are the typical vertebrae and which are the atypical vertebrae?
Components of Typical:
* Small, oval-shaped body
* Large vertebral foramen
* Bifid spinous process
* Horizontal articular processes
* Allow for flexion/extension, but limit rotation.
* Transverse foramen:
* Vertebral artery tranvels thorugh C1-C6
* Vertebral Vein travels thorugh C1-C7
Atypical: C1, C2, and C7
Typical: C3-C6
165
Atypical Vertebra is C2 (Axis)
Identify its atypical characteristics.
166
Atypical Vertebrae Atlas (C1)
Identify its main feutures that differentiate it from the typical cervical vertebrae.
167
Identify the structures of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
168
Name the typical and Atypical Thoracic Verterbrae
Name the Components of Typical vertebrae.
Atypical: T1, T9-T12
Typical: T2-T8
Components of Typical
* Heart-shaped vertebral body
* Small vertebral foramen
* Superior and inferior costal demi-facets on body for articulation with ribts.
* Long, slanted spinous process
* Vertical (cornonal) articular processes
* Allow for rotation, but limit flexion-extension
169
Name the Typical and Atypical Lumbar Vertebrae and the main characteristics of Typical.
Atypical: L5
Typical L1-L4
Components of Typical
* Large kidney-shaped body
* Large vertebral foramen
* Broad spinous process
* Precense of mamillary and accessory processeses for attachment of the multifidus muscle
* Large and small projection between the spinous and transverse processes
* Vertical (Sagittal) articular processes
* Allow for flexion/Extension, but limit rotation.
170
The thoracic cage is composed of and name its functions:
* Composed of
* Thoracic vertebrae
* Ribs 1-12
* Costal cartilage
* Sternum
* Functions
* Protection
* Site of muscular attachment
* Facilitates breathing
171
Name each section of the stermum and its articulation.
1. Manubrium
* Articulates with the clavicles at the sternoclavicular joints
* Articulates with the costal cartilages of the 1st and 2nd ribs
2- Body
* Articulates with the costal cartgilages fo the 2nd , 10th ribs (8th- 10th ribs share the costal cartilage of the 7th rib)
3- Xiphoid process
* Does not articulate with any ribs, but rather is the site of muscular attachment.
* Usually fuses with the stenal body by age 15-29
* Ossification begins at the age of 40.
172
Name each articulation
173
Identify the structures indicated by the white arrows:
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202
Identify the structures:
1. Sternum
2. Pectoralis Major
3. Pectoralis minor
4. Rib.
5. Intercostal muscles.
6. Serratus Anterior
203
Identify:
1. Left Brachiocephalic vein
2. Right brachiocephalic vein
3. Brachiocephalic trunck
4. Left common carotid artery
5. Left Subclavian artery
6. Trachea
204
Identify from 1-3
1. SVC
2. Azygos Arch
4. Aortic Arch
205
Identify:
1. Ascending Aorta
2. Descending Aorta
3. Pulmonary trunk
4. Right Pulmonary Artery
5. Left Pulmonary Artery
6. Right main bronchus
7- Left Main bronchus
206
Identify:
1- Left Atrium
2. Ascending Aorta
3. Right ventricle
4. Right auricle
5. Descending aorta
6. Azygos vein
7. Superior Vena Cava
207
Identify:
1- Left Atrium
2- Right Atrium
3- Left Ventricle
4- Right Ventricle
5- IV Septum
6. Left AV orifice
7- Right AV orifice
208
Identify the structures:
1- Carina
2- Root of lung
3- Oblique Fissure
4. Superior lobe of the lung
5. Inferior lobe of the lung.
209
Identify
1- Right dome of the diaphragm
2- Left dome of the diaphragm
3. Liver
4. Stomach
5. Spleen
210
IDentify:
1- Right crus of diaphragm
2. Left curs of diaphragm
3. Costodiaphragmatic recess
4. Descending Aorta.
