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AP CHEM > UNIT 1: Background of Atoms > Flashcards

UNIT 1: Background of Atoms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Atomic Hypothesis?

A

All things are made of atoms - little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another

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2
Q

What about the name Atomic Hypothesis raised questions?

A

The fact that people didn’t know if it was fact, or if it was only a hypothesis

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3
Q

What is relativism?

A

The doctrine that knowledge, truth, and mortality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute

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4
Q

What does epistemological mean?

A

relating to the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope, and the distinction between justified belief and opinion.

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5
Q

What is a chemical element?

A

A chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

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6
Q

What is a corpuscular?

A

A minute particle regarded as the basic constituent of matter or light

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7
Q

What did Democritus and Leucippus introduce? (think material world)

A

The idea that the material world is made from very tiny particles, which themselves cannot be any farther separated into smaller parts.

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8
Q

What is atomism?

A

A theoretical approach that regards something as interpretable through analysis into distinct, separable, and independent elementary components.

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9
Q

What does Atomism leave no place for, and how does it tie back to epistemology?

A

It left no place for spiritual values which ties back to the epistemological reasoning behind why the atomic hypothesis was questioned.

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10
Q

What were the five elements that Aristotle believed in instead of atoms?

A

Water, fire, earth, air, and ether.

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11
Q

What is ether?

A

Ether filled the space between the celestial bodies (space)

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12
Q

Why is the burning of incense relevant to the contradictions of the atom?

A

It was hard for people to comprehend that if a small bit of incense was burned the initial piece could be divided so many times to fill the room

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13
Q

Who is supposed to be the first scholar to establish an atomic concept?

A

John Dalton

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14
Q

What does quantitative mean?

A

Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity rather than its qualities

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15
Q

What are simple substances?

A

Elements that cannot be decomposed any further

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16
Q

What is the Law of Constant Compound?

A

Most compounds are the result of the reaction of specific ratios of masses of the elements that form this compound

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17
Q

Can chemical reactions form different compounds through a combination of the same element?

A

Yes

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18
Q

If a different compound was made from a combination of same elements what does the resulting compound depend on?

A

the amount of the two initial substances that reacted with each other

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19
Q

What is the Law of Multiple Proportions?

A

if two elements possibly react to more than one compound, then the mass of element A reacting with the same amount of B are small integer multiples

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20
Q

What does stoichiometric mean?

A

relating to or denoting quantities of reactants in simple integral ratios, as prescribed by an equation or formula

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21
Q

What does empiric mean?

A

relies solely on observation and experiment.

22
Q

What is the Modern Atomic Theory of Matter?

A
  • all matter is composed of atoms
  • atoms cannot be made or destroyed
  • all atoms of the same element are identical
  • different elements have different types of atoms
  • chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged
  • compounds are formed from atoms of the constituent elements
23
Q

What is the Law of Constant Composition?

A

all atoms of the same element are identical, and that chemical reactions are a result of the rearrangement of the atoms.

24
Q

What is the Law of Multiple Proportions?

A

the result of different arrangements of the atom results in different compounds.

25
Q

What is paradigm?

A

A typical example or pattern of something; a model

26
Q

What does Kuhn mean?

A

Kuhn was a scientist who believed that scientific practice alternates between periods of normal science and revolutionary science.

27
Q

What was a key problem with Dalton’s theories? (Dalton’s quantitative atom theories and ideas)

A

The assumption that each element had its own atom was difficult for some to believe.

28
Q

What does Heuristic mean?

A

Proceeding to a solution by trial and error or by rules that are loosely defined.

29
Q

What branch of physics played an important role in the establishment of a physical atom?

A

thermodynamics

30
Q

What is Planck’s theory of radiation?

A

different atoms and molecules can emit or absorb energy in discrete quantities only

31
Q

What is Brownian motion?

A

the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid resulting from their collision with the fast moving atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid

32
Q

How was Brownian motion discovered?

A

Robert Brown noticed that small pollen and dust particles that are floating on water moved in an erratic manner, never appearing to stop even though the particles were not alive.

33
Q

What is the reason particles move randomly (Brownian Motion)?

A

It is due to the particles kinetic energy.

34
Q

How does Brownian Motion play into the atom?

A

It was the first macroscopic effect that had to be explained with the assumption of small particles and thus formed empirical evidence for the kinetic theory and thus the atomic theory.

35
Q

What is substructure?

A

an underlying or supporting structure

36
Q

What happens during the process of electrolysis?

A

a certain amount of electricity releases a certain amount of an element

37
Q

What was the new method that provided a new way to identify many new elements? (think about light)

A

It was discovered that the light emitted from a substance is very characteristic and that only special frequencies are emitted

38
Q

What could Thomas show with cathode materials?

A

that all particles have similar properties, no matter which material they emanated

39
Q

What does emanated mean?

A

Produced from

40
Q

Where did Thomas say the corpuscles moved about in an atom?

A

a sphere of uniform positive electrification

41
Q

What did it mean when Thomas thought corpuscles moved about in a sphere of positive electrification?

A

That the atom was not indivisible.

42
Q

What is mica, and how does it contribute to the atom?

A

Mica is a shiny silicate mineral with a layered structure and was used in experiments to scatter particles.

43
Q

Who was the first researcher that observed radioactivity?

A

Henri Becquerel

44
Q

What did radioactivity prove the existence of? How?

A

That other elements other than uranium existed because they had stronger radioactivity than uranium.

45
Q

What does a- of B- decay show?

A

the transformation of one element into another

46
Q

True or False: the radiation of a material is related to some properties of the element?

A

True

47
Q

What were a- rays discovered to be, why was this shocking?

A

helium which was thought to only exist in the sun and not on earth.

48
Q

How did experimenters look at the rays and determine mass/charge ratio?

A

applying a well defined magnetic field rectangular to the direction of the rays – from the deflection the charge/mass ratio could be determined.

49
Q

From what point of view are all atoms distinguishable?

A

from a chemical point of view

50
Q

What was artificial transmutation?

A

What scientists attempted to use to modify atoms

51
Q
A

AP CHEM (2 decks)

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