Unit 1 Biochemistry

Question 1

What are the four main types of biological macromolecules?

Answer 1

*carbohydrates
*lipids
*proteins
*nucleic acid

Question 2

What is a lipid?

Answer 2

A nonpolar organic compound (normally consist of hydrogen, nitrogen, small amount of oxygen)

Question 3

4 functions of lipids in humans

Answer 3

1. long term energy storage
2. insulated internal organs
3. membrane structure (phospholipids)
4. system-wide message molecules (hormones)

Question 4

5 categories of lipids

Answer 4

1. Fatty acid
2. Fats
3. Phospholipid
4. Steroids
5. Waxes

Question 5

Fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain with what fuctional group at the end?

Answer 5

Carboxyl groups (carboxylic acid)

Question 6

What did the carboxyl group do to the properties of the fatty acid?
How does the length of the HC chain affect this property?

Answer 6

• COOH makes it slightly soluable
• increase in length of the CH chain, decease in the solubity

Question 7

2 types of fatty acid and their sturture

Answer 7

• Saturated fatty acid: all hydrocarbons chain with single bond
• Unsatruated fatty acid: hydrocarbon chains that conatin double or triple bond

Question 8

What is a name of a unsaturated fatty acid with 2 or more double bonds?
Provide 2 exapmles

Answer 8

polyunsaturated fatty acid
(e.g omega 3, omega 6)

Question 9

What is the shape of unsaturated and saturated fatty acid?

Answer 9

• saturated: linear
• unsatrurated: bent or linear

Question 10

What is a bent unsatrurated fatty acid called?

Answer 10

cic fatty acid

Question 11

What is a linear unsatrurated fatty acid called?

Answer 11

trans fatty acid

Question 12

What is the name of the process of turning an unsaturated fat into a saturated fat by adding hydrogens?
And what do we call those fatty acids?

Answer 12

• hydrogenation
• hydrogenated

Question 13

Fat is made from condensation of which two product?

Answer 13

glycerol and up to 3 fatty acids

Question 14

What is name of the linking that connects the glycerol and the fatty acid into a fat molecule? Which part (atoms) are involved?

Answer 14

ester linkage (COC=O)

Question 15

What is the name of the fat made with glycerol and one fatty acid?

Answer 15

monoglyceride

Question 16

What is the name of the fat made with glycerol and two fatty acid?

Answer 16

diglyceride

Question 17

What is the name of the fat made with glycerol and three fatty acid?

Answer 17

triglyceride

Question 18

Fat that only consisted at saturated fatty acid are called ___________ (also describe their state and why it cause the state)

Answer 18

saturated fat (solid in room temperature, by strong IMF’s)

Question 19

Fat that contain one or more unsaturated at saturated fatty acid are called ___________ (also describe their state and why it cause the state)

Answer 19

unsaturated fat (liquid in room temperature, weaker IMF as bent prevent alignment)

Question 20

What are the most unhealthy fat? (also describe their state and why it cause the state)

Answer 20

trans unsaturated fat (solid in room temperature, linear, densely stack together, strong IMFs)

Question 21

Two types of fat that insulate our bodies from high/low temperature

Answer 21

*subcutaneous fat: fat found under the skin
*visceral fat: fat found deep within a body and surrounding organs

Question 22

What is called when a molecule contains both a polar and a non-polar region? (e.g. phospholipids)

Answer 22

amphipathic

Question 23

What is a steroid?

Answer 23

A lipid with a base framework of 4 carbon rings

Question 24

What are the two types of cholesterol

Answer 24

*high density lipoprotein (good cholesterol): picks up the cholesterol in our body and send to to the liver for removal

*low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol): can build up in artery walls

Question 25

What is a molecule released into the fluid tissues of an organism that helps regulate its growth or behavior called?

Answer 25

hormones

Question 26

What are non natural steroids called?

Answer 26

anabolic steroids

Question 27

What are waxes?

Answer 27

A large lipid, formed by the bonding of fatty acids to OH and carbon ring

Question 28

What are the characteristics of waxes?

Answer 28

*non-polar *soft solid

Question 29

What is the main function of a nucleic acid?

Answer 29

serve as an instruction for proteins production

Question 30

What are the two types of nucleic acid and chemical formula

Answer 30

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) C5 H10 O4 RNA (ribonucleic acid) C5 H10 O5

Question 31

What the monomer of a nucleic acid called? and it's composition

Answer 31

nucleotide (phosphate group, pentose sugar ring, nitrogenous base)

Question 32

What is a nucleoside?

Answer 32

molecule with only a pentose sugar ring and a nitrogenous ring

Question 33

The two types of nitrogenous base and their structure

Answer 33

pyrimidines (1 ringed), purines (2 ringed)

Question 34

3 types of pyrimidines

Answer 34

cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 35

2 types of purines

Answer 35

adenine, guanine

Question 36

What the name of the bond between two **nucleotide** and it's chemical formula

Answer 36

phosphodiester bond (COPCO)

Question 37

Which two Carbon molecule does the phosphodiester bond forms?

Answer 37

C3 and C5 (bonded phosphate group)

Question 38

What is the different structure of DNA and RNA

Answer 38

RNA: single-stranded DNA: double-stranded, double helix structure

Question 39

How is the two strand of DNA bonded together?

Answer 39

Hydrogen bond between nitrogenous bond of the two strands

Question 40

How many H bond is form between the two set pairs of nucleobase?

Answer 40

A-T: 2 H-bond G-C: 3 H-bond

Question 41

How is the two DNA strands organized?

Answer 41

antiparallel (one have a C3 end and one have a C5 phosphate end)

Question 42

Which 4 nucleobase does DNA and RNA has?

Answer 42

DNA: AT,CG RNA: AU-CG

Question 43

\What makes nucleic acid acidic?

Answer 43

The donation of H+ ions in the phosphate group to water molecules

Question 44

Which carbon is the phosphate group and the nucleobase bonded to?

Answer 44

PO4: C5 Nucleobase: C1

Question 45

What are the 7 functions of proteins?

Answer 45

1. Structural proteins 2. Defensive Proteins 3. Signal proteins 4. Receptor proteins 5. Carrier proteins 6. Enzymes 7. Motile Proteins

Question 46

What is the formation structure of an amino acid?

Answer 46

central carbon bonded with an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and R group

Question 47

What are those amino acid that **cannot** be produce by human body called? How many of those?

Answer 47

essential amino acid, 9 types

Question 48

What are those amino acid that **can** be produce by human body called? How many of those?

Answer 48

non-essential amino acid, 11 types

Question 49

What are called when an amino acid is bonded in a chain? What is called when the chain is really long?

Answer 49

peptides, polypeptides

Question 50

What is the name of the bonds between amino acid?

Answer 50

peptide bonds

Question 51

What are the side with C, COOH, NH2 on the peptide chain called?

Answer 51

backbone

Question 52

What are the side with R groups called in a peptide chain?

Answer 52

side group

Question 53

What are the four steps of protein production (names only)?

Answer 53

1. Primary Structure 2. Secondary Structure 3. Tertiary Structure 4. Quaternary Structure

Question 54

What happens in the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 54

A unique linear structure of amino acid in peptide bonds

Question 55

2 types of secondary structure, What happens in the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 55

* alpha helix: H-bond on the 4th amino acid on the backbone *beta pleated: H-bond between backbone side-by-side (each strand about 3-10 amino acid long)

Question 56

What happens in the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 56

Folding and coiling due to the interactions of R groups: 4 types of interactions: *H-bond *hydrophobic interactions (LDFs) *disulfide bridges (covalent) *ionic bond

Question 57

What happens in the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 57

*Combination of two or more tertiary proteins, head together by interactions of R groups in each *Each polypeptide chain are called **subunit**

Question 58

What is the molecule that is not a protein that could added in in the quaternary structure for function?

Answer 58

proteins prosthetic groups

Question 59

What are the two common types of structure of a protein? And where are they found in a human body?

Answer 59

*Fibrous Protein: long, linear (found in muscle, silk and hair) *Globular Protein: contain sites that a specific molecule can bind to (found in enzymes, receptors, carrier proteins)

Question 60

What is the process of protein losing it's structure called? Why does it occur?

Answer 60

Protein denature: Cause by proteins being subjected to hard conditions (e.g. heat, radiation, acidic) or mutation

Question 61

What is the reverse process of protein denature?

Answer 61

Protein renature

Question 62

What is the compound that speeds up reaction called? And what is the name of energy required for a reaction?

Answer 62

catalysts, activation energy

Question 63

What is called when a chemical reaction releases energy?

Answer 63

exothermic reaction

Question 64

What is called when a chemical reaction absorb energy?

Answer 64

endothermic reaction

Question 65

What is the molecule that an enzymes act upon called?

Answer 65

substrate

Question 66

What is a Induced-fit?

Answer 66

An enzymes changes it **conformation** after the substrate enter the activation site

Question 67

The two chemical structure (sites) of an enzymes

Answer 67

active site, allosteric site

Question 68

What is the combination of an enzymes and a substrate in a temporary state called?

Answer 68

enzymes-substrate complex

Question 69

What are two types of inhibitor of enzymes?

Answer 69

competitive inhibitor, allosteric inhibitor

Question 70

How does **competition** inhibitor works?

Answer 70

The inhibitor attaches to the active site, preventing any substrate from binding

Question 71

How does **allosteric** inhibitor works?

Answer 71

The inhibitor is a **regulatory molecule** binds to a allosteric site, changes the shape of the active site and the enzymes become inactive.

Question 72

Some enzymes are normally inactive unless an ____________ binds to its allosteric site

Answer 72

allosteric activator

Question 73

Some inhibitors are _________ and the enzyme can be turned on and off. Other times, an inhibitor may permanently ________ or _________ an enzyme.

Answer 73

temporary, deactivate, denature