UNIT 1- BIODIVERSITY Flashcards
1
Q
how many species are there in the world discovered?
A
1.7 million
2
Q
what is biodiversity?
A
biodiversity is a term used to describe all of the different types of living organisms that make up our natural world
3
Q
4 criteria of biologists for a biological area
A
composition
abundance
distribution
extinction risk
4
Q
composition of a biological area
A
what are the species?
5
Q
abundance of a biological area
A
how many of all species are there?
6
Q
distribution of a biological area
A
how spread out are the individuals?
7
Q
extinction risk of a biological area
A
how threatened the species are
8
Q
3 types of diversity
A
structural/ecosystem diversity
species diversity
genetic diversity
9
Q
structural/ecosystem diversity
A
the physical size, shape and distribution of individuals in an ecosystem
10
Q
species diversity
A
the variety and number of species in an ecosystem
11
Q
genetic diversity
A
genetic variability among individuals and organisms in an ecosystem
12
Q
what is a species
A
a group whose members are capable of breeding with one another under natural conditions
13
Q
what is an exception to the definition of “species”?
A
hybridization
14
Q
what is hybridization
A
cross breeding that can occasionally occur between different species
15
Q
individuals of the same species often have the same ____
A
morphology (physical characteristics)
16
Q
how many species do biologists estimate there are in the world today (not all discovered)?
A
8.7 million
17
Q
taxonomy
A
the science of identifying and classifying all organisms (living and fossil species)
18
Q
who is the “father of taxonomy”
A
carl linnaeus
19
Q
what system did carl linnaeus develop
A
the binomial nomenclature naming system that uses two latin words to give each species a unique name
20
Q
what two parts compose binomial nomenclature?
A
the genus and species name (latin)
21
Q
what is the trick for remembering all the taxonomic hierarchy names in order?
A
Did King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti Sauce
22
Q
name all the taxonomic groups in order from largest to smallest
A
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
subspecies
23
Q
what is a dichotomous key?
A
a tool which uses a series of paired comparisons to sort organisms into groups and eventually classify them as their own species
- the user must choose between two defining traits
- comparisons are usually based on physical characteristics
24
Q
phylogeny
A
the study of evolutionary relationships between and among species
25
phylogenetic tree desc.
a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships between and among species
- taxonomic groups can be grouped into clades which contain a single common ancestor and all of its descendants
26
modern taxonomy vs. phylogeny
modern genetics and DNA barcoding can now help taxonomists examine the relatedness between species
- the international barcode of life project uses DNA technology to create profiles for various species
27
prokaryote
a single-celled organism with no membrane-bound organelles or nucleus
28
eukaryote
a single-celled OR multicellular organism with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus
29
name the 2 prokaryotic domains
eubacteria
archaea
30
autotroph
an organism that creates their own food
31
heterotroph
rely on other things for food
32
botanist
a scientist who studies plants
33
taxon definition
a category used to classify organisms
34
clade definition
a taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants
35
prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea) in-depth description
single celled organisms with no membrane-bound organelles or nucleus
- very small (1-2 micrometres)
- they are found everywhere
- only 10k+ species have been isolated/discovered/identified (but that's likely only 1% of the total amnt)
- some are pathogens and cause disease or infection while some are beneficial
36
what are the benefits of some prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea)?
| 4
food production
medicines
decomposers
assistance in nutrient cycles
37
evolution of prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea)
- 1st prokaryotes appeared approx. 3.5 BILLION years ago
- cyanobacteria --> blue lagoon
38
what is the cell wall of prokaryotes made out of
peptidoglycan to give strength and structure
39
3 shapes for prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea)
coccus (circle)
bacillus (flat circle)
spirillum (spiral)
40
3 arrangements for prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea)
diplo (2)
strepto (line of many)
staphylo (clump of many)
41
metabolism of prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea)
bacteria can be autotrophic, hemotrophic or heterotrophic
42
hemotrophic
organisms that sustain themselves off of blood
43
obligate aerobe meaning
prokaryotes that require oxygen
44
obligate anaerobe meaning
prokaryotes that do not require oxygen
(fermentation)
45
facultative aerobe meaning
can survive with or without oxygen
46
reproduction of prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea)
they reproduce asexually via binary fission
47
a typical bacterial cell has what on the outside of it?
pili made out of stiff protein, in order to attach to other cells or surfaces
48
some bacteria (prokaryotes) have what to move themselves?
a flagellum/flagella
49
what is a plasmid
a small loop of DNA often found in prokaryotic cells usually containing a small number of genes
50
binary fission
the division of one parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells
51
three ways that prokaryotes (eubacteria and archaea) gain genetic diversity
conjugation
transformation
horizontal gene transfer
52
conjugation process/meaning (prokaryotes)
a form of sexual reproduction one bacterial cell passes a copy of a plasmid to a nearby cell through pili, this can give the bacteria beneficial genes
53
transformation process/meaning (prokaryotes)
a process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment
54
horizontal gene transfer
when bacteria picks up new DNA from a different species
55
what do prokaryotes do to increase survival?
they develop an endospore or develop antibiotic resistance
56
endospore
a dormant structure that formes inside certain bacteria in response to stress, protecting the cells chromosomes from damage
- like hibernation
57
what is the difference between archaea and eubacteria?
many inhabit extreme environments and little is known about them
58
antibiotic resistance
develops in bacteria from constant mutation
59
4 types of archaea
thermophiles - hot
psychophiles - cold
halophiles - salty
acidophiles - acidic
60
the cell walls of archaea (unlike eubacteria) do NOT contain ____
peptidoglycan
61
virus
a small infectious particle that contains genetic material within a capsid
62
capsid
a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus
63
bacteriophage
a virus that infects bacteria
64
epidemic
a large scale outbreak of disease in a particular region
65
pandemic
when an epidemic spreads over a widespread geographic region
66
7 characteristics of viruses
non living
no cytoplasm
less than 0.1 micrometres (VERY small)
dont produce energy
cannot grow
dont produce waste
responsible for many human illnesses
67
what do viruses contain
RNA or DNA
68
4 structures of a virus
helixal/cylindrical
polyhedral
enveloped/spherical
complex
69
how does viral reproduction work?
a virus enters a host cell and the viral DNA or RNA takes control of the cell. the host then copies the viruses genetic material instead of its own and the virus spreads.
70
viroid
small infectious pieces of RNA that infect plants
71
prions
an abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases in mammals including humans
72
whats the difference between a virus and a viroid
viroids are smaller than a virus, do not have a capsid, and contain RNA that does not code for proteins
73
what is the lysogenic cycle
a dormant stage in which the host cell continues to grow and divide copying its own DNA with the inserted viral DNA
74
what is the lytic cycle
once viruses have been assembled, lysis (rupture of the host cell) occurs, releasing many new viruses
75
transduction
a type of gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another
76
what are vaccines
weakened viruses or viral information which is given to an individual to trigger an immune response in their body, w/o causing infection
77
how do vaccines work
the immune system will react quickly to fight off the virus and when the individual is exposed to the real virus, they are prepared!
78
when were archaea discovered
50 years ago
79
5 characteristics of kingdom protista
eukaryotes
lots of variety
most species unicellular, some multicellular
most are aquatic
some are parasites
80
origin of kingdom protista
protists likely developed from the folded cell membrane of a prokaryotic cell OR endosymbiosis
81
endosymbiosis
an early eukaryotic cell engulfing a prokaryotic organism
82
3 types of protists
plant-like
animal-like
fungi-like
83
plant-like protists
autotrophic phytoplankton
single + multicellular organisms
84
examples of plant-like protists
algae
diatoms
85
animal-like protists
heterotrophic zooplankton
SINGLE CELLED
86
examples of animal-like protists
paramecium
amoeba
giardia
87
fungi-like protists
heterotrophic
use spores to reproduce
move w/ flagella and pseudopods
88
examples of fungi-like protists
slime and water molds
89
reproduction of single-celled protista
single-celled protists reproduce asexually via binary fission and sexually via conjugation
90
how do multicellular protists reproduce?
the formation of sex cells/gametes
when sperm and egg fuse this results in a genetically unique zygote
91
mycology
the study of fungi
92
6 characteristics of kingdom fungi
eukaryotic
multicellular (most)
reproduce via spores
heterotrophic
stationary
cell wall made of chitin
93
structure of fungi
spores
mycelium
fruit body (reproductive structure)
94
hyphae
network of thin structures that form the fruit + body
consist of long tubes of cytoplasm with many nuclei
95
spores (fungi)
haploid reproductive cells that grow into hyphae when they germinate
96
how are spores released
by fungi and can travel by wind, water and animals
97
major phyla in the fungi kingdom
zygomycota
basidiomycota
ascomycota
98
zygomycota
molds that digest their food source via enzymes
eg. fruit mold
99
basidiomycota
club fungi
have short-lived reproductive bodies that produce spores in structures called basidia
eg. classic mushroom
100
ascomycota
sac fungi
produce spores in sac-like structures called asci
eg. yeast, powdery mildew, lichen
101
what is special about lichen
lichen is a symbiotic combination of fungi and cyanobacteria (green algae protist)
102
many ascomycetes ___
are useful (antibiotic and food production) but also cause most fungal disease (ringworm + athletes foot)
103
how does yeast reproduce
single-celled haploid fungi reproduce via budding
a combination of conjugation and spore production
104
basidiomycota reproductive cycle
meiosis happens with one zygote
4 spores are formed and released
the spores produce hyphae
the hyphae builds into mycelium which builds into a fruit body
cycle repeats
105
3 fungal relationships
mycorrhizal
parasitic
saprophytic
106
mycorrhizal fungal relationship
have a symbiotic relationship with plants
80% of plants rely on fungi to obtain nutrients!
107
parasitic fungal relationship
infect living organisms stealing nutrients from them (think the last of us)
108
saprophytic fungi
feed on a dead host
109
7 characteristics of kingdom plantae
eukaryotic
multicellular
adapted to life on land
autotrophs
evolved from a plant-like protist 425-490 million years ago
waxy cuticle
stomata
110
reproduction of plants process
alternation of generations
sporophyte produces spores, spores turn haploid, gametophytes produce gametes, gametes fuse and make diploid
111
4 types of plantae
bryophytes
lycophytes/pterophytes
gymnosperms
angiosperms
112
bryophytes examples (3)
mosses
liverworts
hornworts
113
bryophytes
simplest land plants
no true leaves or seeds, no vascular system
restricted to moist environments because that is where they release swimming sperm/eggs
114
lycophytes/pterophytes examples (2)
club mosses
ferns
115
lycophytes/pterophytes
have simple roots, stems (rhizomes) and leaves (fronds)
HAVE a vascular system
produce spores in a structure called a "sorus"
116
gymnosperm example
conifers
117
gymnosperms
seeds in cones "naked seed"
leaves (needles) have a waxy cuticle to retain moisture
antifreeze sap
pollen cones produce pollen + ovulate cones produce eggs
118
angiosperms examples
flowering plants
119
characteristics of kingdom animalia
eukaryotic
heterotrophs
multicellular
have to reproduce sexually
evolved from a protist approx 665 MILLION years ago
120
animals are classified based on... (5)
body organization
symmetry
germ layers
body cavity
embryonic development
121
body organization in animals
the types of tissues, organs and systems that are present
122
symmetry in animals
animals have either radial symmetry (eg. anemone) or bilateral symmetry (eg. lobster)
123
germ layers in animals are composed of (3)
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
124
ectoderm layer
outer layer
gives rise to the nervous system, skin, hair, nails, shells
125
mesoderm layer
middle layer
gives rise to the circulatory, reproductive, excretory, muscular system
126
endoderm layer
inner layer
gives rise to the gut and repiratory system
127
body cavity in animals
some animals have a body cavity or coelom that contains the internal organs
128
embryonic development in animals
whether development begins from anus to mouth or mouth to anus lol
129
major animal phyla
porifera
cnidaria
platyhelminthes
rotifera
mollusca
annelida
nematoda
arthtropoda
echinodermata
chordata
