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Biology > Unit 1 - Biological molecules > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 monosacharrides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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2
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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3
Q

Maltose

A

two alpha glucose

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4
Q

Sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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5
Q

Lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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6
Q

What are the bonds in polysaccharides?

A

glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

What type of reaction forms disaccharides?

A

condensation reactions

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8
Q

What type of reaction is maltose broken down into two alpha glucose monosaccharides?

A

hydrolysis

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9
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides of glucose?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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10
Q

Name 3 structures of starch

A

helical, insoluble, highly branched

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11
Q

Describe the test for reducing sugar

A

add Benedict’s solution and heat, colour change to brick red

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12
Q

Describe the test for non-reducing sugars (sucrose)

A

add acid and boil, cool and add alkali, add Benedict’s and heat, colour change to brick red

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13
Q

Describe the test for starch

A

add iodine solution, colour change to blue-black

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14
Q

Describe the test for lipids

A

add ethanol and shake, add distilled water, milky emulsion forms

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15
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

glycerol and three fatty acids

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16
Q

What type of bonds are in triglycerides?

A

ester bonds

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17
Q

Functions of triglycerides

A

energy store and source, insulation, waxy cuticles, protection

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18
Q

What are phospholipids made up of?

A

glycerol, two fatty acids and phosphate group

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19
Q

What do phospholipids form when mixed with water?

A

monolayers and micelles

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20
Q

What bonds do amino acids form in condensation reactions?

A

peptide bonds

21
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

long chains of amino acids

22
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

sequence of amino acids held by peptide bonds

23
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A

folded into alpha helix or beta pleated sheet held by hydrogen bonds

24
Q

What is the tertiary protein structure?

A

3D shape, folded and held by hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bonds all determined by the primary structure

25
Q

What is the quaternary protein structure?

A

more than one polypeptide chain, held by hydrogen, ionic, disulphide bonds, not all proteins have a quaternary structure

26
Q

What two categories can proteins be separated in to?

A

fibrous and globular

27
Q

Describe the induced-fit model of enzyme action.

A

substate binds to active site and enzyme-substate complex is formed, active site changes shape so it’s complementary to substrate, reduces activation energy

28
Q

How do competitive inhibitors work?

A

inhibitor is similar shape to substrate, binds to active site, less enzyme-substrate complexes formed

29
Q

What are components of a DNA nucleotide?

A

phosphate group, deoxyribose and nitrogenous base

30
Q

What the complementary base pairs in DNA?

A

adenine - thymine
cytosine - guanine

31
Q

What do two nucleotides form in a condensation reaction?

A

phosphodiester bond

32
Q

What is a DNA molecule?

A

a double helix with two polynucleotide chains
held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary
base pairs

33
Q

What are the components of an RNA nucleotide?

A

phosphate group, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base

34
Q

What are the complementary base pairs in RNA?

A

adenine - uracil
cytosine - guanine

35
Q

Describe the process of semi-conservative DNA replication

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs which unwinds the double helix, each strand acts as a template stand, free DNA nucleotides are attracted to the exposed complementary bases, DNA polymerase joins nucleotides in a condensation reaction

36
Q

What are the components of an ATP nucleotide?

A

adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups

37
Q

What is ATP hydrolysed into and what enzyme does this?

A

adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an
inorganic phosphate group (Pi) , ATP hydrolase

38
Q

Name 5 properties of water

A

metabolite, solvent, high specific heat capacity, large latent heat of vaporisation, strong cohesion

39
Q

Why is it important water is a metabolite?

A

for metabolic reactions such as condensation and hydrolysis

40
Q

Why is it important water is a solvent?

A

for metabolic reactions to occur

41
Q

Why is it important water has a high specific heat capacity?

A

to buffer temperature change

42
Q

Describe the role of iron ions

A

haemoglobin binds with oxygen

43
Q

Describe the role of sodium ions

A

co-transport of glucose/ amino acids
sodium moved out by active transport
creates a sodium concentration gradient
affects water potential

44
Q

Describe the role of phosphate ions

A

joins nucleotides in phosphodiester bonds, used in ATP, hydrophilic part of phospholipid bilayer

45
Q

Describe how an ATP molecule is formed from its component molecules.

A

condensation reaction of adenine, ribose and three phosphates, ATP synthase

46
Q

Why is ATP a suitable energy source for cells to use?

A

Releases relatively small amount of energy so little energy lost as heat, Releases energy instantaneously, Can be rapidly re-synthesised, does not leave cells

47
Q

Describe how ATP is resynthesised in cells.

A

from ADP and phosphate, by ATP synthase, during respiration/ photosynthesis

48
Q

How is the hydrolysis of ATP is used in cells.

A

to provide energy for other reactions, to add phosphate to other substances and make them more reactive

49
Q
A

Biology (4 decks)

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