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Unit 1 biology Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What are the different levels of biological organization?

A

Atoms-molecules-cell organelles- cell inclusions- tissue- organs- organ system

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2
Q

Define atoms

A

smallest unit of life and retains properties of an element

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3
Q

Define molecules

A

formed from atoms, form in chemical bonds

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4
Q

Define Macromolecules

A

large molecules that form organelles

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5
Q

Define organelles

A

exist within cells and help cells function ex: mitochondria or nucleus

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6
Q

Define cells

A

smallest unit of life, some are prokaryote (no nuclei) and some are eukaryote (membrane bound nuclei)

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7
Q

Define tissue

A

groups of similar cells that have same function

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8
Q

Define organ

A

group of similar tissue that have same function

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9
Q

Define organ system

A

Same functioning organ

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10
Q

Can you summarize the steps of the scientific method?

A

Make an observation
Ask a question
Form a hypothesis that answers question
Make prediction based on hypothesis
Do an experiment to test hypothesis
Analyze results

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11
Q

What if the results of the experiment do not support the hypothesis

A

If the hypothesis is supported report results of not supported go back and change hypothesis

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12
Q

What is inductive reasoning

A

form of logical thinking that uses observations

Descriptive science is an example of inductive reasoning

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13
Q

What is deductive reasoning

A

Deductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses general principle or law to predict specific results

Hypothesis- based science is an example of deductive reasoning

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14
Q

What are the different variables in an experiment? Can you identify them?

A

Variable is any part of the experiment that can vary or change
Control group contains every feature of the experimental group but cannot be changed

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15
Q

Define Biology

A

Study of life

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16
Q

Define science

A

Knowledge that covers general truths or laws when tested by Scientific Hypothesis

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17
Q

Define scientific method

A

Method of research with defined steps

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18
Q

Define hypothesis

A

suggested explanation what someone can test

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19
Q

Define theory

A

a tested and confirmed explanation

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20
Q

What are a few different types of sciences

A

Life science, physical science, hard science, social science

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21
Q

Define descriptive science

A

aims to observe and is usually inductive

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22
Q

Define hypothesis-based science

A

begins with a possible question and is deductive

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23
Q

Define prediction

A

An ¨if…then¨ statement

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24
Q

Define falsifiable

A

Experiment results can disapprove it

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25
Define basic science
seeks to expand knowledge
26
Define applied science
aims to use science to solve real-world problems
27
Define serendipity
Scientific findings come from a lucky guess or accident
28
Define peer-review manuscripts
Scientific paper reviewed by fellow scientists
29
What are the contents of a peer-review manuscript
abstract(summary), introduction, materials/methods, results, discussion, conclusion
30
Define Homeostasis
Relatively stable internal environment required to maintain life
31
Can you differentiate between elements, isotopes, ions, molecules and compounds?
Elements have specific chemical reactivity (ability to bond with each other) Isotopes are different forms of the element that have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons Ions are elements with a net charge due to losing or gaining an electron Molecules are formed from atoms Compound: they contain atoms of more than one type of element ex Glucose (C6H12O6)
32
What are differences among the various types of chemical bonds, namely non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen?
Covalent bonds are stronger bonds than molecular bonds Polar covalent bonds show unequal share of electrons between elements Non polar bonds are sharing of electrons equally between elements Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions Cations lose an electron so they are positive Anions are negative so they gain an electron Hydrogen bonds form between oxygen and hydrogen and are weak
33
How do the properties of water impact the characteristics of life?
Cohesion: water molecules are attracted to each other keeping together at interface Allows for transport of water and nutrients against gravity in plants Adhesion: Clinging of a molecule to a different molecule Allows water to cling to cell walls to resist gravity in plants Capillary action: upward movement of water due to cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension Important for transfer of nutrients and water in plants High specific heat: amount of heat one substance must absorb or loose to change temperature by one degree Moderates air temperature, large bodies of water can absorb heat in day and release in night Stabilizes ocean temperature, Benefits marine life, organisms can resist change in internal temperature Heat of vaporization: (same as specific heat) Prevents terrestrial organisms from overheating, prevents leaves from becoming to warm in the sun Floating ice: As water solidifies it becomes less dense, due to hydrogen bonds breaking Ice floats on water which allows marine life to live under floating ice
34
What is the concept of pH and how do buffers work to maintain a constant pH?
Hydrogen spontaneously forms in water and causes H3O+. High levels of hydrogen causes low pH, whereas low levels cause high pH Acid is high increasing hydrogen ion concentration by having hydrogen associate Base provides either hydrogen ion or negatively charged ions, which reduces concentration Buffers absorb excess H+and OH- keeping body maintained
35
Define hydrophilic
interact easily with water
36
Define Hydrophobic
Does not interact easily with water
37
Define specific heat capacity
amount of heat one gram of substance must absorb or loose to change temp. By one degree celsius
38
Define heat vaporization
amount of energy required to change one gram of liquid to gas
39
Define evaporation
Molecules that escape Hydrogen bonds
40
Define solvents
substances capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds
41
Define sphere of Hydrogen
During dissolving, when ionic compounds form with other hydrogen bonds
42
Define Dissociation
groups of atoms break off from molecules to form ions
43
Define cohesion
water molecules are attached to each other keeping together at interface even if there is no room
44
Define Surface tension
capacity of substance to withstand rapturing when placed under tension
45
Define adhesion
attraction between other water and any molecules
46
Define capillary action
water climbs up walls due to attraction to capillary charged walls
47
Define litmus
pH paper to indicate pH
48
Define Acid
high increasing hydrogen ion by having hydrogen associate
49
Define Base
provides either hydrogen ions or negatively
50
Define pH scale
inverse logarithm that ranges from 0-14 below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline (basic)
51
Define buffers
readily absorb excess H+ and OH- keeping body maintained
52
What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds: any carbon- containing liquid, solid, gas, that the fundamental component of carbon Hydrogencarbon: consisting of hydrogen and carbon Inorganic compounds: are any compounds made up of two or more elements except carbon
53
Why does carbon play a central role in the formation of large, diverse biological molecules?
Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds. These bonds create chains which create different elements
54
How are polymers assembled and disassembled?
Polymers are formed from a process called polymerization, which is when monomers are bonded together to make polymers. Polymerization breaks water out of molecules so it is also called dehydration synthesis Polymers are broken back down into monomers by Hydrolysis Hydrolysis: Adding of water back into large molecule
55
Define Organic molecules
(any carbon- containing liquid, solid, gas) that are especially important for life. Fundamental component for all of these is carbon
56
Define Hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen
57
Define aliphatic hydrocarbons
consist of linear chains of carbon atoms, sometimes forming rings with all single bonds.
58
Define structural isomers
differ in the placement of their covalent bonds: both molecules have four carbons and ten hydrogens, but different atom arrangement within molecule leads to differences in their chemical properties
59
Define isomers
molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the place of their atoms
60
Define Geometric isomers
alternatively have similar placements of their covalent bonds but differ how these bonds are made to the surrounding atoms, especially in carbon-carbon double bonds
61
Define functional groups
groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules.
62
Define substituted hydrocarbons
Molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone
63
Define biological macromolecules
large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules
64
Define polymers
monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules
65
Define nucleic acid
carry cells genetic blueprint and carry instructions for functioning
66
Define deoxyribonucleic, ribonucleic
2 types of Nucleic acids
67
Define RNA (mRNA)
DNA never leaves nucleus but instead communicates using intermediary mRNA
68
Nucleotides
What DNA are RNA are comprised of
69
Define polynucleotide
comprised nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group are are made of nucleotides
70
Define purines
2 rings, A and G
71
Define pyrimidines
3 rings, C, T, U
72
Ribosomal RNA
Helps translates messages to mRNA
73
Transfer RNA
carries correct amino acid
74
Transcription
DNA dictates structure of mRNA
75
Define translation
dictates protein structures
76
Define Carbohydrates
Formula (CH2O)n where n is number of carbons
77
Define monosaccharides
simple sugars, most common is glucose
78
Define disaccharides
occur when 2 mono. Goes through dehydration
79
Define Glycosidic
When one hydroxyl from mono. combines w/ one hydro from mono. and water is released
80
Define polysaccharide
Chain between monosaccharides
81
Define glycogen
storage form of glucose
82
Define cellulose
most abundant biopolymer
83
Define lipids
diverse group of compounds because of hydrocarbons that are mostly non-polar carbon-carbon or hydro-carbon
84
Define Tricylglycerols/ triglycerides
Fatty acids attach to glycerol 3 carbons with ester bond through oxygen
85
Define unsaturated fats
double bonded carbons, oils
86
Define trans fat
If hydrogen is in different planes
87
Define omega-3
double bond connects 3 carbon from hydrocarbon ends carbon
88
Define wax
covers different substances like feathers and leaves
89
Define phospholipids
plasma membrane constituents that comprise cells' outermost layer.
90
Define steriod
fused ring structure, not like chain

Biology (6 decks)

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