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Anatomy/Physiology II > Unit 1: Blood > Flashcards

Unit 1: Blood Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Formed elements in blood are called…

A

Cells (3 types)
Erythrocytes - red blood cells
Leukocytes - white blood cells
Thrombocytes - platelets

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2
Q

Blood plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood that consists of water and dissolved substances such as gases, nutrients, waste products, regulatory substances and proteins

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3
Q

Ratio of formed elements (cells) to plasma

A

45% formed elements and 55% plasma

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4
Q

Define hematocrit

A

Measurement of the proportion of red blood cells in a whole blood sample (done through centrifuge)

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5
Q

Average hematocrit in males and females

A

Females - 38-48%

Males - 40-52% (do to testosterone levels that encourage erythrocyte production)

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6
Q

What can a centrifuge of blood tell a doctor about a patient?

A

Can show anemia, blood loss or polycythemia (too many red blood cells)

Low hematocrit = anemia or over hydration (30)
High hematocrit = dehydration or too many red blood cells or high altitudes (60)

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7
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

To transport oxygen through a protein called hemoglobin

Aka red blood cells

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8
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Red blood cells or erythrocytes are created

In red bone marrow (takes about four days)

Do not have a nucleus and only circulate for 120 days

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9
Q

Evolution to erythrocytes

A
  1. Stem cell (hemocytoblasts)
  2. Proerythroblast
  3. Erythroblast
  4. Normoblast
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
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10
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production

Low oxygen levels in the blood stimulates the release of this hormone

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11
Q

Other nutrients important for production of red blood cells

A

B-12, Folic acid, iron, enough calories and protein

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12
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Pigmented protein which consists of 4 polypeptide chains

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13
Q

Heme

A

On hemoglobin that has a complex carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen ring and an iron atom in the middle (important for red blood cell production)

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14
Q

Hemolysis

A

Rupturing or breakdown of the erythrocytes (recycles and either creates more erythrocytes or used for other functions in the body)

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15
Q

Where does red blood cell breakdown happen?

A

Spleen and liver

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16
Q

Non-iron part of heme is converted to this during red blood cell breakdown

A

Bilirubin

Then is secreted in bile and if not secreted properly it can build up and cause jaundice

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17
Q

Function of leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Protect body from infections

Do have a nucleus unlike red blood cells

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18
Q

List five types of white blood cells

A
  • Neurtrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes (macrophages)
  • lymphocytes (b cells and t cells)
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19
Q

Neutrophils

A

Type of white blood cell that Helps protect against microorganisms

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20
Q

Eosinophils

A

Type of white blood cell for inflammation/allergic reaction and parasitic infections

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21
Q

Basophils

A

White blood cell Involved in allergic reactions

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22
Q

Monocytes

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A

Large wandering white blood cells which phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris

(Macrophages - monocytes that have moved from blood to tissue)

23
Q

Lymphocytes

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A

Recognize specific pathogens and toxins and can destroy cancer cels (immune response)

  • b cells- antibodies
  • t cells - attack specific pathogens
24
Q

Thrombin

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A

An enzyme in blood plasma that causes clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

(Prothrombin is converted to this)

25
Hemostasis
Thrombocytes are involved in this process of blood clotting Develop in red bone marrow, have no nucleus and only live a short period of time
26
Four phases of hemostasis
- Vasospasm - Platelet plug formation - blood clotting - clot retraction/dissolution
27
Vasospasm
- vascular spasm or constriction | - decreases blood flow to prevent too much blood loss
28
Platelet plug formation
Accumulation of platelets on the damaged collagen of the blood vessel
29
Blood clotting
Aka coagulation - network of protein fibers that trap blood cells and fluid to seal of the area that is affected
30
Plasmin
An enzyme that breaks down the insoluble fibrin threads (dissolves clot)
31
Thromboxane A2
Causes more platelets to attach
32
Fibrin
The clot Fibrinogen is concerted into fibrin
33
Tissue thromboplastin
Tissue factor that triggers the activation of factor X (extrinsic pathway)
34
Clotting factors
Made by the liver, circulates in plasma in inactive form
35
Three major proteins in plasma
- Albumin - maintains osmotic pressure - globulin - antibodies secreted by white blood cells - fibrinogen - involved in blood clotting
36
Sickle cell anemia
- generic condition where the hemoglobin has an abnormal configuration (sickle shape instead of biconcave) Greater risk of lysis of cells Causes weakness and fainting and enlarged spleen
37
Anemia
Low number of circulating red blood cells or hemoglobin or both (can slow down coagulation process)
38
Polycythemia
Excessive number of red blood cells
39
Neutropenia
Low neutrophil numbers in white blood cell Can be caused by marrow depression by a virus, drugs or radiation
40
Leukemia
Increased white blood cells
41
Albumin
Blood protein synthesized by the liver for transport and maintenance of osmotic pressure
42
Globulins
Blood proteins for immune system
43
The suffixes that mean deficiency and excess
Penia - low Osis - excess
44
Blood serum
Plasma minus fibrinogen or the liquid portion of clotted blood
45
CBC
Complete blood count A common test that measures levels of the three types of cells in blood
46
Differential white blood count
Measure of the percentage of the different leukocytes in blood (to diagnose certain diseases)
47
Neutrocytosis
High number of neutrophils Due to bacterial infection or acute inflammation
48
Eosinopenia
Low eosinophils due to stress or corticosteroids administration
49
Eosinocytosis
High eosinophils due to allergic reaction or Parasitic infection
50
Causes of leukocytosis
Excess leukocytes Caused by infections, injuries or arthritis, some kinds of leukemia…
51
Causes of basopenia
Low basophils Hyperthyroidism, infection, stress reaction…
52
Causes of lymphocytosis
High lymphocytes - lymphocytic leukemia - hepatitis A, B, C - aids - hypothyroidism
53
Define platelets
A small colorless disk shaped cell fragment that does not contain a nucleus and is involved in clotting

Anatomy/Physiology II (13 decks)

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